COVID-19 Mortality in Patients Aged 80 and over Residing in Nursing Homes—Six Pandemic Waves: OCTA-COVID Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis, Temporal Evolution, and Univariate Analysis
3.2. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Living at Home | Nursing Home | Total | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor, n (%) | (n = 210) | (n = 336) | (n = 546) | ||
Sex | Female | 118 (33.2) | 237 (66.8) | 355 (65) | 0.001 |
Male | 92 (48.2) | 99 (51.8) | 191 (35) | 0.001 | |
Mean Age (±SD); Years | 88.2 (±4.6) | 90.3 (±5.1) | 89.5 (±5) | 0.000 | |
Age Group | 80–89 years old | 130 (47.3) | 145 (52.7) | 275 (50.4) | 0.000 |
≥90 years old | 80 (29.5) | 191 (70.5) | 271 (49.6) | 0.000 | |
COVID-19 Diagnosis | Confirmed | 178 (42.3) | 243 (57.7) | 421 (77.1) | 0.001 |
Probable | 32 (25.6) | 93 (74.4) | 125 (22.9) | 0.001 | |
Risk Factors | Chronic respiratory disease | 33 (45.8) | 39 (54.2) | 72 (13.2) | 0.168 |
Diabetes mellitus | 61 (39.1) | 95 (60.9) | 156 (28.6) | 0.846 | |
Arterial hypertension | 93 (37.3) | 156 (62.7) | 249 (45.6) | 0.625 | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 126 (41.9) | 175 (58.1) | 301 (55.1) | 0.070 | |
Chronic renal insufficiency | 46 (38) | 75 (62) | 121 (22.2) | 0.909 | |
Chronic hepatic disease | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (0.5) | 0.314 | |
Neurological disorders | 24 (26.7) | 66 (73.3) | 90 (16.5) | 0.012 | |
Neoplastic disease | 29 (38.2) | 47 (61.8) | 76 (13.9) | 0.953 | |
Dementia | 39 (25.5) | 114 (74.5) | 153 (28) | 0.000 | |
Neurological sequelae | 27 (65.9) | 14 (34.1) | 41 (7.5) | 0.000 | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index; Mean (±SD) | 6.8 (±2) | 7.2 (±1.8) | 7.1 (±1.9) | 0.021 | |
Charlson Index | 4 points | 24 (68.6) | 11 (31.4) | 35 (6.4) | 0.020 |
5 points | 36 (40.9) | 52 (59.1) | 88 (16.1) | 0.020 | |
6 points | 35 (33.7) | 69 (66.3) | 104 (19) | 0.020 | |
7 points | 47 (39.2) | 73 (60.8) | 120 (22) | 0.020 | |
≥8 points | 68 (34.2) | 131 (65.8) | 199 (36.4) | 0.020 | |
Length of Hospital Stay; Mean (±SD); Days | 17.6 (±15.1) | 13.3 (±10.2) | 14.9 (±12.5) | 0.000 | |
Lethality | 70 (33.3) | 117 (34.8) | 187 (34.2) | 0.721 |
1st Wave | 2nd Wave | 3rd Wave | 5th Wave | 6th Wave | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Living at Home | Nursing Home | Living at Home | Nursing Home | Living at Home | Nursing Home | Living at Home | Nursing Home | Living at Home | Nursing Home | ||
Factor, n (%) | (n = 121) | (n = 249) | (n = 38) | (n = 24) | (n = 26) | (n = 20) | (n = 12) | (n = 17) | (n = 13) | (n = 26) | |
Sex | Female | 72 (29.6) | 171 (70.4) | 20 (51.3) | 19 (48.7) * | 11 (44) | 14 (56) | 7 (36.8) | 12 (63.2) | 8 (27.6) | 21 (72.4) |
Male | 49 (38.6) | 78 (61.4) | 18 (78.3) | 5 (21.7) * | 15 (71.4) | 6 (28.6) | 5 (50) | 5 (50) | 5 (50) | 5 (50) | |
Mean Age (±SD); Years | 88.1 (±4.6) | 90.1 (±5.1) * | 87.9 (±5) | 92.7 (±4.9) * | 88.8 (±3.9) | 89.9 (±4.5) | 88.3 (±5) | 90 (±5.2) | 88.2 (±4.3) | 89.8 (±5.2) | |
Age Group | 80–89 years old | 77 (41.2) | 110 (58.8) * | 23 (82.1) | 5 (17.9) * | 15 (65.2) | 8 (34.8) | 8 (50) | 8 (50) | 7 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) |
≥90 years old | 44 (24) | 139 (76) * | 15 (44.1) | 19 (55.9) * | 11 (47.8) | 12 (52.2) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (69.2) | 6 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | |
Risk Factors | Chronic respiratory disease | 18 (40) | 27 (60) | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) |
Diabetes mellitus | 32 (30.8) | 72 (69.2) | 16 (72.7) | 6 (27.3) | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) | |
Arterial hypertension | 48 (31.4) | 105 (68.6) | 20 (58.8) | 14 (41.2) | 7 (43.8) | 9 (56.3) | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 13 (38.2) | 21 (61.8) | |
Neurological disorders | 15 (23.1) | 50 (76.9) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (30) | 7 (70) | 1 (25) | 3 (75) | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | |
Dementia | 26 (25) | 78 (75) * | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | 5 (35.7) | 9 (64.3) | 2 (40) | 3 (60) | 2 (9.5) | 19 (90.5) * | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index; Mean (±SD) | 6.6 (±1.9) | 7.2 (±1.8) * | 7.2 (±2.1) | 6.8 (±1.7) | 7.2 (±2.1) | 7.3 (±2.1) | 6.9 (±1.5) | 7.3 (±1.5) | 6.5 (±1.3) | 7.1 (±1.8) | |
Length of Hospital Stay; Mean (±SD); Days | 16.4 (±14.8) | 12.8 (±10) * | 17 (±13) | 13.7 (±10.1) | 20.2 (±14.2) | 16.5 (±9.4) | 25 (±25.6) | 18.2 (±14.5) | 18.6 (±11.5) | 11.6 (±9.4) * | |
Lethality | 38 (31.4) | 98 (39.4) | 20 (52.6) | 6 (25) * | 7 (26.9) | 4 (20) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (17.6) | 3 (23.1) | 6 (23.1) |
Factor, n (%) | Survivors | Deceased | Total | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 359) | (n = 187) | (n = 546) | |||
Sex | Female | 248 (69.9) | 107 (30.1) | 355 (65) | 0.006 |
Male | 111 (58.1) | 80 (41.9) | 191 (35) | 0.006 | |
Mean Age (±SD); Years | 89.1 (±5) | 90.2 (±4.9) | 89.5 (±5) | 0.012 | |
Age Group | 80–89 years old | 189 (68.7) | 86 (31.3) | 275 (50.4) | 0.331 |
≥90 years old | 170 (62.7) | 101 (37.3) | 271 (49.6) | 0.331 | |
Living Arrangement | Living at home | 140 (66.7) | 70 (33.3) | 210 (38.5) | 0.721 |
Nursing home | 219 (65.2) | 117 (34.8) | 336 (61.5) | 0.721 | |
COVID-19 Diagnosis | Confirmed | 279 (66.3) | 142 (33.7) | 421 (77.1) | 0.639 |
Probable | 80 (64) | 45 (36) | 125 (22.9) | 0.639 | |
Pandemic Waves | 1st wave | 234 (63.2) | 136 (36.8) | 370 (67.8) | 0.030 |
2nd wave | 36 (58.1) | 26 (41.9) | 62 (11.4) | 0.030 | |
3rd wave | 35 (76.1) | 11 (23.9) | 46 (8.4) | 0.030 | |
5th wave | 24 (82.8) | 5 (17.2) | 29 (5.3) | 0.030 | |
6th wave | 30 (76.9) | 9 (23.1) | 39 (7.1) | 0.030 | |
Risk Factors | Chronic respiratory disease | 44 (61.1) | 28 (38.9) | 72 (13.2) | 0.373 |
Diabetes mellitus | 90 (57.7) | 66 (42.3) | 156 (28.6) | 0.012 | |
Arterial hypertension | 170 (68.3) | 79 (31.7) | 249 (45.6) | 0.255 | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 188 (62.5) | 113 (37.5) | 301 (55.1) | 0.072 | |
Chronic renal insufficiency | 71 (58.7) | 50 (41.3) | 121 (22.2) | 0.063 | |
Chronic hepatic disease | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (0.5) | 0.973 | |
Neurological disorders | 57 (63.3) | 33 (36.7) | 90 (16.5) | 0.597 | |
Neoplastic disease | 45 (59.2) | 31 (40.8) | 76 (13.9) | 0.195 | |
Dementia | 105 (68.6) | 48 (31.4) | 153 (28) | 0.377 | |
Neurological sequelae | 24 (58.5) | 17 (41.5) | 41 (7.5) | 0.311 | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index; Mean (±SD) | 6.8 (±1.8) | 7.5 (±1.8) | 7.1 (±1.9) | 0.000 | |
Charlson Index | 4 points | 29 (82.9) | 6 (17.1) | 35 (6.4) | 0.008 |
5 points | 69 (78.4) | 19 (21.6) | 88 (16.1) | 0.008 | |
6 points | 66 (63.5) | 38 (36.5) | 104 (19) | 0.008 | |
7 points | 78 (65) | 42 (35) | 120 (22) | 0.008 | |
≥8 points | 117 (58.8) | 82 (41.2) | 199 (36.4) | 0.008 | |
Length of hospital stay; Mean (±SD); Days | 16.8 (±12.6) | 11.3 (±11.5) | 14.9 (±12.5) | 0.000 |
Variables | OR (CI 95%) | p-Value | Adjusted OR(CI 95%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (Male) | 1.67 (1.16–2.41) | 0.006 | 1.72 (1.17–2.52) | 0.006 |
Age (Years) | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 0.012 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 0.036 |
Living Arrangement (Nursing Home) | 1.07 (0.74–1.54) | 0.721 | 1.00 (0.67–1.49) | 0.990 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 1.63 (1.11–2.39) | 0.012 | 1.42 (0.92–2.18) | 0.115 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 0.000 | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 0.019 |
2nd Wave | 1.24 (0.72–2.15) | 0.436 | 1.19 (0.67–2.12) | 0.551 |
3rd Wave | 0.54 (0.27–1.10) | 0.090 | 0.49 (0.23–1.02) | 0.055 |
5th Wave | 0.36 (0.13–0.96) | 0.041 | 0.34 (0.13–0.93) | 0.036 |
6th Wave | 0.52 (0.24–1.12) | 0.094 | 0.55 (0.25–1.22) | 0.141 |
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Ruiz-Huerta, C.; Canto, M.V.; Ruiz, C.; González, I.; Lozano-Montoya, I.; Quezada-Feijoo, M.; Gómez-Pavón, F.J. COVID-19 Mortality in Patients Aged 80 and over Residing in Nursing Homes—Six Pandemic Waves: OCTA-COVID Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912019
Ruiz-Huerta C, Canto MV, Ruiz C, González I, Lozano-Montoya I, Quezada-Feijoo M, Gómez-Pavón FJ. COVID-19 Mortality in Patients Aged 80 and over Residing in Nursing Homes—Six Pandemic Waves: OCTA-COVID Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912019
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-Huerta, Claudia, Marcelle V. Canto, Carmen Ruiz, Ildefonso González, Isabel Lozano-Montoya, Maribel Quezada-Feijoo, and Francisco J. Gómez-Pavón. 2022. "COVID-19 Mortality in Patients Aged 80 and over Residing in Nursing Homes—Six Pandemic Waves: OCTA-COVID Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912019
APA StyleRuiz-Huerta, C., Canto, M. V., Ruiz, C., González, I., Lozano-Montoya, I., Quezada-Feijoo, M., & Gómez-Pavón, F. J. (2022). COVID-19 Mortality in Patients Aged 80 and over Residing in Nursing Homes—Six Pandemic Waves: OCTA-COVID Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912019