Climate Changes, Natural Resources Depletion, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Russian-Ukrainian War: What Is the Impact on Habits Change and Mental Health?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Climate Change and Natural Resources Depletion
1.2. Worry about COVID-19
1.3. Russian-Ukrainian War
1.4. Aims
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Participants
2.3. Materials
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences among Age Groups
3.2. Correlation Analysis
Cli_Pr | Res_Pr | Cov_Pr | War_Pr | Cli_ Hab | Res_ Hab | Cov_ Hab | War_Hab | Cli_F_Hab | Res_F_Hab | Cov_F_Hab | War_F_Hab | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DASS_D | YoungAdults | 0.224 ** | 0.182 ** | 0.096 * | 0.175 ** | 0.078 | 0.115 * | 0.169 ** | 0.019 | 0.182 ** | 0.167 ** | 0.131 ** | 0.131 ** |
Adults | 0.242 ** | 0.248 ** | 0.257 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.206 ** | 0.186 ** | 0.315 ** | 0.004 | 0.212 ** | 0.218 ** | 0.218 ** | 0.031 | |
Older Adults | 0.100 * | 0.057 | 0.230** | 0.385 ** | 0.020 | 0.045 | 0.477 ** | 0.163 ** | 0.072 | 0.066 | 0.446 ** | 0.088 | |
Elders | 0.172 ** | 0.173 ** | 0.232 ** | 0.471 ** | 0.106 * | 0.142 ** | 0.339 ** | 0.069 | 0.128 ** | 0.145 ** | 0.275 ** | 0.147 ** | |
DASS_A | YoungAdults | 0.171 ** | 0.152 ** | 0.222 ** | 0.180 ** | 0.046 | 0.047 | 0.166 ** | 0.076 | 0.150 ** | 0.094 * | 0.161 ** | 0.152 ** |
Adults | 0.225 ** | 0.230 ** | 0.262 ** | 0.158 ** | 0.157 ** | 0.148 ** | 0.310 ** | 0.024 | 0.199 ** | 0.181 ** | 0.267 ** | 0.091 | |
Older Adults | 0.076 | 0.037 | 0.212 ** | 0.421 ** | −0.020 | 0.000 | 0.486 ** | 0.221 ** | 0.078 | 0.046 | 0.438 ** | 0.109 * | |
Elder | 0.016 | 0.027 | 0.129 ** | 0.407 ** | 0.051 | 0.044 | 0.237 ** | 0.133 ** | 0.024 | 0.039 | 0.195 ** | 0.151 ** | |
DASS_S | YoungAdults | 0.150 ** | 0.161 ** | 0.144 ** | 0.215 ** | 0.063 | 0.088 | 0.249 ** | 0.031 | 0.213 ** | 0.173 ** | 0.154 ** | 0.149 ** |
Adults | 0.391 ** | 0.391 ** | 0.271 ** | 0.327 ** | 0.279 ** | 0.305 ** | 0.477 ** | −0.035 | 0.362 ** | 0.373 ** | 0.371 ** | 0.135 ** | |
Older Adults | 0.176 ** | 0.110 * | 0.239 ** | 0.456 ** | 0.084 | 0.107 * | 0.572 ** | 0.211 ** | 0.159 ** | 0.162 ** | 0.534 ** | 0.151 ** | |
Elder | 0.112 * | 0.125 ** | 0.192 ** | 0.525 ** | 0.067 | 0.112 * | 0.357 ** | 0.078 | 0.088 | 0.114* | 0.274 ** | 0.144 ** |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Young Adults (n = 470) | Adults (n = 465) | Older Adults (n = 460) | Elders (n = 436) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Mean | 24.18 | 43.29 | 55.61 | 69.47 |
Std. Deviation | 4.83 | 3.89 | 2.63 | 7.15 | |
Range | 18–35 | 36–50 | 51–60 | 61–93 | |
Gender | Female | 348 (74.0%) | 282 (60.6%) | 226 (49.1%) | 260 (59.6%) |
Male | 122 (26.0%) | 183 (39.4%) | 234 (50.9%) | 176 (40.4%) | |
Total | 470 (100%) | 465 (100%) | 460 (100%) | 436 (100%) | |
Marital Status | Married | 31 (6.6%) | 272 (58.5%) | 191 (41.5%) | 245 (56.2%) |
Cohabiting partner | 39 (8.3%) | 58 (12.5%) | 30 (6.5%) | 10 (2.3%) | |
Separate/Divorced | 1 (0.2%) | 77 (16.6%) | 176 (38.3%) | 95 (21.8%) | |
Single | 195 (41.5%) | 34 (7.3%) | 30 (6.5%) | 14 (3.2%) | |
Non-cohabiting partner | 204 (43.4%) | 18 (3.9%) | 20 (4.3%) | 9 (2.1%) | |
Widow | 6 (1.3%) | 13 (2.8%) | 63 (14.4%) | ||
Children | Yes | 42 (8.9%) | 328 (70.5%) | 270 (58.7%) | 330 (75.7%) |
No | 428 (91.1%) | 137 (29.5%) | 190 (41.3%) | 106 (24.3%) | |
Educational Level | Lower than High School | 2 (0.4%) | 11 (2.4%) | 49 (10.7%) | 58 (13.3%) |
High School | 341 (72.6%) | 162 (34.8%) | 150 (32.6%) | 183 (41.7%) | |
Bachelor’s or master’s degree | 94 (20.0%) | 159 (34.2%) | 162 (35.2%) | 151 (34.6%) | |
Postgraduate degree | 33 (7.0%) | 133 (28.6%) | 99 (21.5%) | 45 (10.3%) | |
Work | Worker | 114 (24.3%) | 393 (84.5%) | 333 (72.4%) | 97 (22.2%) |
Retired | 15 (3.3%) | 215 (49.3%) | |||
Unemployed | 11 (2.3%) | 63 (13.5%) | 111 (24.1%) | 123 (28.2%) | |
Student | 345 (73.4%) | 9 (1.9%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) |
Young Adults | Adults | Older Adults | Elders | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Total | Gender | Total | Gender | Total | Gender | Total | |||
Main fears for COVID | Possible vaccine consequences | Male | 15x (3.6%) | 57a (12.1%) | 132x (31.7%) | 235b (50.5%) | 176x (42.3%) | 331c (72.0%) | 93x (22.4%) | 210b (48.2%) |
Female | 42y (10.1%) | 103y (24.7%) | 155x (37.2%) | 117x (28.1%) | ||||||
Likelihood of being isolated | Male | 36x (70.6%) | 145a (30.9%) | 4x (7.8%) | 47b (10.1%) | 1x (2.0%) | 10c (2.2%) | 10x (19.6%) | 21c (4.8%) | |
Female | 109x (63.4%) | 43y (25.0%) | 9x (5.2%) | 11y (6.4%) | ||||||
Disease and its consequences | Male | 71x (28.6%) | 268a (57.0%) | 47x (19.0%) | 183b (39.4%) | 57x (23.0%) | 119c (25.9%) | 73x (29.4%) | 205b (47.0%) | |
Female | 197y (37.4%) | 136y (25.8%) | 62y (11.8%) | 132x (25.0%) | ||||||
Main fears for Natural Resource Depletion | Rising prices of food products | Male | 37x (11.9%) | 139a (29.6) | 108x (34.8%) | 213b (45.8%) | 101x (32.6%) | 188b, c (40.9%) | 64x (20.6%) | 159a, c (36.5%) |
Female | 102y (26.2%) | 105y (27.0%) | 87y (22.4%) | 95x (24.4%) | ||||||
Likelihood of starvation | Male | 26x (43.3%) | 96a (20.4%) | 7x (11.7%) | 31b (6.7%) | 20x (33.3%) | 38b (8.3%) | 7x (11.7%) | 26b (6.0%) | |
Female | 70x (53.4%) | 24x (18.3%) | 18y (13.7%) | 19x (14.5%) | ||||||
Rising cost of energy | Male | 23x (8.6%) | 90a (19.1%) | 62x (23.0%) | 152b (32.7%) | 97x (36.1%) | 185b, c (40.2%) | 87x (32.3%) | 209c (47.9%) | |
Female | 67y (18.3%) | 90x (24.5%) | 88y (24.0%) | 122x (33.2%) | ||||||
Likelihood of dying | Male | 36x (47.4%) | 145a (39.9%) | 6x (7.9%) | 69b (14.8%) | 16x (21.1%) | 49b (10.7%) | 18x (23.7%) | 42b (9.6%) | |
Female | 109x (47.6%) | 63y (27.5%) | 33x (14.4%) | 24y (10.5%) | ||||||
Main Fears for Russia-Ukrainian war | Rising prices of food products | Male | 20x (26.3%) | 54a (39.9%) | 12x (15.8%) | 52a (39.9%) | 19x (25.0%) | 41a (39.9%) | 25x (32.9%) | 49a (39.9%) |
Female | 34x (28.3%) | 40y (33.3%) | 22x (18.3%) | 24y (20.0%) | ||||||
Likelihood of starvation | Male | 5x (6.1%) | 17a (3.6%) | 27x (32.9%) | 50b (10.8%) | 27x (32.9%) | 42b (9.1%) | 23x (28.0%) | 44b (10.1%) | |
Female | 12y (16.9%) | 23x (32.4%) | 15x (21.1%) | 21x (29.6%) | ||||||
Rising cost of energy | Male | 37x (16.2%) | 92a (19.6%) | 58x (25.3%) | 113a, b (24.3%) | 83x (36.2%) | 150c (32.6%) | 51x (22.3%) | 120b. c (27.5%) | |
Female | 55x (22.4%) | 55x (22.4%) | 67y (27.2%) | 69x (28.0%) | ||||||
Likelihood of being isolated | Male | 5x (5.7%) | 26a (5.5%) | 17x (19.5%) | 47a, b (10.1%) | 37x (42.5%) | 62b (13.5%) | 28x (32.2%) | 56b (12.8%) | |
Female | 21y (20.2%) | 30x (28.8%) | 25y (24.0%) | 28x (26.9%) | ||||||
Likelihood of dying | Male | 49x (22.2%) | 237a (50.4%) | 65x (29.4%) | 167b (35.9%) | 63x (28.5%) | 143b (31.1%) | 44x (19.9%) | 131b (30.0%) | |
Female | 188y (41.1%) | 102y (22.3%) | 80y (17.5%) | 87x (19.0%) | ||||||
Likelihood that the COVID-19 pandemic will not end or will worsen due to war | Male | 6x (30.0%) | 44a (9.4%) | 4x (20.0%) | 36a, b (7.7%) | 5x (25.0%) | 22b (4.8%) | 5x (25.0%) | 36a. b (8.3%) | |
Female | 38x (32.2%) | 32x (27.1%) | 17x (14.4%) | 31x (26.3%) | ||||||
Main Fears for Climate Change | Likelihood of being isolated | Male | 3x (11.5%) | 9a (1.9%) | 8x (30.8%) | 26b (5.6%) | 3x (11.5%) | 19a, b (4.1%) | 12x (46.2%) | 28b (6.4%) |
Female | 6x (10.7%) | 18x (32.1%) | 16x (28.6%) | 16x (28.6%) | ||||||
Rising prices of food products | Male | 23x (5.0%) | 67a (14.3%) | 139x (30.2%) | 244b (52.5%) | 188x (40.8%) | 325c (70.7%) | 111x (24.1%) | 274c (62.8%) | |
Female | 44y (9.8%) | 105y (23.4%) | 137y (30.5%) | 163y (36.3%) | ||||||
Likelihood of starvation | Male | 9x (14.8%) | 29a (6.2%) | 12x (19.7%) | 38a, b (8.2%) | 18x (29.5%) | 35a, b (7.6%) | 22x (36.1%) | 50b (11.5%) | |
Female | 20x (22.0%) | 26x (28.6%) | 17x (18.7%) | 28x (30.8%) | ||||||
Likelihood of being forced to leave the place where I live | Male | 30x (40.5%) | 166a (35.3%) | 17x (23.0%) | 76b (16.3%) | 15x (20.3%) | 41c (8.9%) | 12x (16.2%) | 36c (8.3%) | |
Female | 136y (55.5%) | 59x (24.1%) | 26y (10.6%) | 24x (9.8%) | ||||||
Likelihood of dying | Male | 57x (61.3%) | 199a (42.3%) | 7x (7.5%) | 81b (17.4%) | 10x (10.8%) | 40c (8.7%) | 19x (20.4%) | 48c (11.0%) | |
Female | 142x (51,6%) | 74y (26,9%) | 30x (10,9%) | 29y (10,5%) |
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Barchielli, B.; Cricenti, C.; Gallè, F.; Sabella, E.A.; Liguori, F.; Da Molin, G.; Liguori, G.; Orsi, G.B.; Giannini, A.M.; Ferracuti, S.; et al. Climate Changes, Natural Resources Depletion, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Russian-Ukrainian War: What Is the Impact on Habits Change and Mental Health? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911929
Barchielli B, Cricenti C, Gallè F, Sabella EA, Liguori F, Da Molin G, Liguori G, Orsi GB, Giannini AM, Ferracuti S, et al. Climate Changes, Natural Resources Depletion, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Russian-Ukrainian War: What Is the Impact on Habits Change and Mental Health? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911929
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarchielli, Benedetta, Clarissa Cricenti, Francesca Gallè, Elita Anna Sabella, Fabrizio Liguori, Giovanna Da Molin, Giorgio Liguori, Giovanni Battista Orsi, Anna Maria Giannini, Stefano Ferracuti, and et al. 2022. "Climate Changes, Natural Resources Depletion, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Russian-Ukrainian War: What Is the Impact on Habits Change and Mental Health?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911929