Prevalence and Correlates of Likely Major Depressive Disorder among Medical Students in Alberta, Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Design
2.2. Institutional Review Board Approval and Participants’ Consent
2.3. Data Collection Tool
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Depression Prevalence
4.2. Depression Correlates
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Medical Students Depression Survey Questions
- What is your age?
- (a)
- <25
- (b)
- 25 to 30
- (c)
- 31–40
- (d)
- 40–60
- (e)
- >60
- What is your gender
- (a)
- M
- (b)
- F
- (c)
- Other
- Do you have any dependents? Check all that apply.
- Children/Parents/Grandparents/Other
- What best describes your current relationship status?
- Married/Common-law/Committed relationship/Dating/Single/Other
- How would you best identify your ethnicity?
- Caucasian/Asian/Indigenous/Black/Other, please specify
- How would you describe yourself in terms of your medical undergraduate training?
- Canadian Medical Graduate/International Medical Graduate/Other
- Which year of Medical School are you currently in? (check all that apply)
- (a)
- 1st year
- (b)
- 2nd year
- (c)
- 3rd year
- (d)
- 4th year
- (e)
- Clerkship
- What residency program are you hoping to be part of after medical school?
- Anesthesiology/General Surgery/Neurosurgery/Obstetrics and Gynecology/Ophthalmology/Orthopedic Surgery/Otolaryngology/Plastic Surgery/Urology/Vascular Surgery/Pathology/Dermatology/Radiology/Emergency/Family/Internal/Medical Genetics/Medical Microbiology/Neurology/Pediatric Neurology/Nuclear Medicine/Pediatrics/Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation/Psychiatry/Public Health and Preventative Medicine/Radiation Oncology
- Please rate your degree of satisfaction with each of the following workplace dimensions during your clinical rotations.
Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very Satisfied Quality of peer collaboration among your medical student colleagues Quality of interaction with your attending physicians and residents Quality of your learning environment Workload and job demands Control and flexibility Work–life integration (meeting personal and professional obligations) Efficiency and resources - To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Overall, I am satisfied about pursuing a career in medicine In general, I find my colleagues to be supportive People treat each other with respect in my work group A spirit of cooperation and teamwork exists in my work group Disputes or conflicts are resolved fairly in my work group - Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems?
Not at All = 0 Several Days = 1 More than Half the Days = 2 Nearly Every Day = 3 Little interest or pleasure in doing things Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much Feeling tired or having little energy Poor appetite or overeating Feeling bad about yourself or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down Trouble concentrating on things such as reading the newspaper or
watching televisionMoving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or the opposite, being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in
some way - How well do you feel supported by your social supports/friends/family?
- Very well/Somewhat well/Neutral/Somewhat poorly/Very poorly
- How would you best describe what would occur if you reached out for help to those in your learning and work environment?
- Very supportive/Somewhat supportive/Neutral/Somewhat hostile/Hostile
- Do you feel that your medical school has enough strategies aimed at medical students’ well-being in place?
- Yes/Somewhat/No
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(a) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variable Type | Variable | Frequency (%) | |
Age (years) | <25 | 77 (32.4) | |
25–30 | 12 (53.4) | ||
31–40 | 32 (13.4) | ||
40–60 | 2 (0.8) | ||
Gender | Male | 83 (34.9) | |
Female | 155 (65.1) | ||
Relationship Status | In a relationship | 168 (70.5) | |
Not in a Relationship | 70 (29.5) | ||
Dependents | 0 | 233 (90.0) | |
1 | 15 (5.8) | ||
2 | 9 (3.5) | ||
3 | 2 (0.8) | ||
Ethnicity | Caucasian | 158 (66.4) | |
Asian | 39 (16.4) | ||
Other | 41 (17.2) | ||
Medical School Year | First Year | 76 (29.3) | |
Second Year | 77 (29.7) | ||
Third Year | 51 (19.7) | ||
Fourth Year | 29 (11.2) | ||
Fifth Year | 26 (10.0) | ||
(b) | |||
Variable | Dissatisfied | Neither Satisfied/Dissatisfied | Satisfied |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
Quality of peer collab. among medical students | 23 (11.1) | 24 (11.5) | 161 (77.4) |
Quality of interaction with physicians and residents | 25 (12.1) | 44 (21.3) | 138 (66.7) |
Quality of learning environment | 35 (16.9) | 41 (19.8) | 131 (63.3) |
Workload and job demand | 39 (18.8) | 54 (26.1) | 114 (55.1) |
Control and flexibility | 69 (33.3) | 44 (21.3) | 94 (45.4) |
Work–life Integration | 61 (29.5) | 57 (27.5) | 89 (43.0) |
Efficiency and Resources | 34 (16.4) | 74 (35.7) | 99 (47.8) |
Variable | Disagree | Neither Agree nor Disagree | Agree |
Satisfied about pursuing a career in medicine | 13 (6.4) | 15 (7.4) | 176 (86.3) |
I find colleagues to be supportive | 14 (6.9) | 15 (7.4) | 175 (85.8) |
People treat each other with respect in my work group | 10 (4.9) | 12 (5.9) | 182 (89.2) |
A spirit of cooperation and teamwork exists in my group | 14 (6.9) | 17 (8.3) | 173 (84.8) |
Disputes or conflicts are resolved fairly in my workgroups | 12 (5.9) | 51 (25.0) | 141 (69.1) |
Variable | No | Yes | Somewhat |
Medical school strategies aimed at student’s well-being | 36 (20.3) | 55 (31.1) | 86 (48.6) |
Variable | Somewhat well N (%) | Neutral N (%) | Somewhat poorly N (%) |
How well do you feel about social support/friends/family? | 154 (87.0) | 16 (9.0) | 17 (4.0) |
How would you best describe what would occur if you reached out for help to those in your learning and work environments? | 144 (81.4) | 22 (12.4) | 11 (6.2) |
Characteristics | Number (%) | Chi-square/Fisher’s Exact Test * | Effect Size (Phi/Cramer V’s) | p- Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <25 | 17 (31.5) | 2.178 | 0.110 | 0.498 |
25–30 | 26 (26.3) | ||||
31–40 | 9 (37.5) | ||||
40–60 | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Gender | Male | 19 (36.5) | 0.300 | 0.041 | 0.584 |
Female | 33 (63.5) | ||||
Relationship Status | In a relationship | 37 (71.2) | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.969 |
Not in a relationship | 15 (28.8) | ||||
Dependent | 0 | 46 (29.1) | 2.668 | 0.122 | 0.503 |
1 | 3 (23.1) | ||||
2 | 2 (28.6) | ||||
3 | 1 (100.0) | ||||
Ethnicity | Caucasian | 29 (55.8) | 8.337 | 0.216 | 0.015 |
Asian | 10 (19.2) | ||||
Other | 13 (25.0) | ||||
Current medical school year | First year | 12 (26.7) | 5.317 | 0.172 | 0.265 |
Second year | 13 (23.2) | ||||
Third year | 11 (28.9) | ||||
Fourth year | 10 (50.0) | ||||
Fifth year | 6 (30.0) | ||||
Quality of peer collaboration among med. students | Dissatisfied | 10 (19.2) | 5.473 | 0.175 | 0.063 |
Neither | 7 (13.5) | ||||
Satisfied | 35 (67.3) | ||||
Quality of interaction with your attending physicians and residents | Dissatisfied | 10 (19.2) | 5.258 * | 0.174 | 0.067 |
Neither | 12 (23.1) | ||||
Satisfied | 30 (57.7) | ||||
Quality of your learning environment | Dissatisfied | 18 (34.6) | 21.762 | 0.349 | 0.001 |
Neither | 14 (26.9) | ||||
Satisfied | 20 (38.5) | ||||
Workload and job demand | Dissatisfied | 19 (36.5) | 22.689 | 0.356 | 0.001 |
Neither | 17 (32.7) | ||||
Satisfied | 16 (30.8) | ||||
Control and flexibility | Dissatisfied | 32 (5701) | 23.765 | 0.364 | 0.001 |
Neither | 5 (48.8) | ||||
Satisfied | 15 (13.5) | ||||
Work–life integration (meeting personal and professional obligations) | Dissatisfied | 28 (53.8) | 21.855 | 0.349 | 0.001 |
Neither | 13 (25.0) | ||||
Satisfied | 11 (21.2) | ||||
Efficiency and resources | Dissatisfied | 15 (28.8) | 15.218 | 0.293 | 0.001 |
Neither | 24 (46.2) | ||||
Satisfied | 13 (25.0) | ||||
Overall, I am satisfied about pursuing a career in medicine. | Disagree | 6 (11.5) | 9.234 | 0.227 | 0.010 |
Neither agree/disagree | 8 (15.4) | ||||
Agree | 38 (73.1) | ||||
In general, I find my colleagues to be supportive. | Disagree | 8 (15.4) | 8.157 | 0.213 | 0.013 |
Neither agree/disagree | 5 (9.6) | ||||
Agree | 39 (75.5) | ||||
People treat each other with respect in my work group. | Disagree | 6 (11.5) | 0.166 | 0.213 | 0.089 |
Neither agree/disagree | 3 (5.8) | ||||
Agree | 43 (82.7) | ||||
A spirit of cooperation and teamwork exists in my work group. | Disagree | 6 (11.5) | 3.007 | 0.130 | 0.231 |
Neither agree/disagree | 5 (9.6) | ||||
Agree | 41 (78.8) | ||||
Disputes or conflicts are resolved fairly in my work group. | Disagree | 5 (9.6) | 3.656 | 0.143 | 0.177 |
Neither agree/disagree | 17 (32.7) | ||||
Agree | 30 (57.7) | ||||
How well do you feel supported by your social support/friends/family? | Somewhat well | 38 (73.1) | 13.176 | 0.273 | 0.001 |
Neutral | 9 (17.3) | ||||
Somewhat poorly | 5 (9.6) | ||||
How would you best describe what would occur if you reached out for help to those in your learning and work environments? | Somewhat support. | 36 (69.2) | 8.963 | 0.225 | 0.010 |
Neutral | 9 (17.3) | ||||
Somewhat hostile | 7 (13.5) | ||||
Do you feel that your medical school has enough strategies aimed at medical students’ well-being in place? | No | 16 (44.4) | 19.434 | 0.331 | <0.001 |
Yes | 4 (7.3) | ||||
Somewhat | 32 (37.2) |
Variables in the Equation | B | SE. | Wald | df | p Value | Odds Ratio | 95% C.I. for Odds Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Ethnicity | ||||||||
Caucasian | 4.493 | 2 | 0.106 | |||||
Asian | 1.391 | 0.658 | 4.467 | 1 | 0.035 | 4.018 | 1.106 | 14.594 |
Others | 0.284 | 0.627 | 0.205 | 1 | 0.650 | 1.329 | 0.389 | 4.545 |
Quality of peer collaboration among med. students | ||||||||
Dissatisfied | 2.924 | 2 | 0.232 | |||||
Neither | 0.107 | 1.014 | 0.011 | 1 | 0.916 | 1.112 | 0.152 | 8.119 |
Satisfied | −0.997 | 0.850 | 1.376 | 1 | 0.241 | 0.369 | 0.070 | 1.952 |
Quality of interaction with your attending physicians and residents | ||||||||
Dissatisfied | 1.217 | 2 | 0.544 | |||||
Neither | −0.656 | 0.795 | 0.680 | 1 | 0.410 | 0.519 | 0.109 | 2.467 |
Satisfied | −0.012 | 0.776 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.987 | 0.988 | 0.216 | 4.519 |
Quality of your learning environment | ||||||||
Dissatisfied | 6.074 | 2 | 0.048 | |||||
Neither | 1.017 | 0.771 | 1.739 | 1 | 0.187 | 2.764 | 0.610 | 12.532 |
Satisfied | −0.687 | 0.682 | 1.015 | 1 | 0.314 | 0.503 | 0.132 | 1.916 |
Workload and job demand | ||||||||
Dissatisfied | 0.205 | 2 | 0.903 | |||||
Neither | −0.178 | 0.675 | 0.069 | 1 | 0.793 | 0.837 | 0.223 | 3.144 |
Satisfied | −0.353 | 0.783 | 0.204 | 1 | 0.652 | 0.702 | 0.151 | 3.258 |
Control and flexibility | ||||||||
Dissatisfied | 5.766 | 2 | 0.056 | |||||
Neither | −1.867 | 0.817 | 5.220 | 1 | 0.022 | 0.155 | 0.031 | 0.767 |
Satisfied | 0.009 | 0.642 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.988 | 1.009 | 0.287 | 3.556 |
Work–life integration | ||||||||
Dissatisfied | 3.470 | 2 | 0.176 | |||||
Neither | −0.604 | 0.605 | 0.997 | 1 | 0.318 | 0.547 | 0.167 | 1.789 |
Satisfied | −1.294 | 0.698 | 3.435 | 1 | 0.064 | 0.274 | 0.070 | 1.077 |
Efficiency and resources | ||||||||
Dissatisfied | 0.757 | 2 | 0.685 | |||||
Neither | 0.136 | 0.602 | 0.051 | 1 | 0.821 | 1.146 | 0.352 | 3.730 |
Satisfied | −0.363 | 0.676 | 0.288 | 1 | 0.592 | 0.696 | 0.185 | 2.619 |
Overall, I am satisfied with pursuing a career in medicine. | ||||||||
Disagree | 1.900 | 2 | 0.387 | |||||
Neither agree/disagree | 1.087 | 1.043 | 1.087 | 1 | 0.297 | 2.966 | 0.384 | 22.897 |
Agree | −0.007 | 0.921 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.994 | 0.993 | 0.163 | 6.042 |
In general, I find my colleagues to be supportive. | ||||||||
Disagree | 2.419 | 2 | 0.298 | |||||
Neither agree/disagree | −1.422 | 1.245 | 1.303 | 1 | 0.254 | 0.241 | 0.021 | 2.771 |
Agree | −0.003 | 1.127 | 0.000 | 1 | 0.998 | 0.997 | 0.110 | 9.082 |
People treat each other with respect in my work group. | ||||||||
Disagree | 1.072 | 2 | 0.585 | |||||
Neither agree/disagree | −0.616 | 1.485 | 0.172 | 1 | 0.678 | 0.540 | 0.029 | 9.928 |
Agree | 0.340 | 1.345 | 0.064 | 1 | 0.801 | 1.404 | 0.101 | 19.616 |
How well do you feel supported by your social support/friends/family? | ||||||||
Very well | 7.599 | 2 | 0.022 | |||||
Neutral | 1.537 | 0.733 | 4.397 | 1 | 0.036 | 4.651 | 1.106 | 19.568 |
Somewhat poorly | 2.411 | 1.163 | 4.298 | 1 | 0.038 | 11.140 | 1.141 | 108.80 |
How would you best describe what would occur if you reached out for help to those in your learning and work environment? | ||||||||
Very supportive | 1.270 | 2 | 0.530 | |||||
Neutral | 0.477 | 0.618 | 0.596 | 1 | 0.440 | 1.612 | 0.480 | 5.412 |
Somewhat poorly | 1.009 | 1.140 | 0.783 | 1 | 0.376 | 2.742 | 0.294 | 25.590 |
Do you feel that your medical school has enough strategies aimed at medical students’ well-being in place? | ||||||||
No | 1.734 | 2 | 0.420 | |||||
Somewhat | −0.767 | 0.844 | 1.056 | 1 | 0.304 | 0.420 | 0.080 | 3.196 |
Yes | 0.132 | 1.168 | 0.013 | 1 | 0.910 | 1.141 | 0.116 | 14.246 |
Constant | 0.500 | 1.346 | 0.138 | 1 | 0.710 | 1.650 |
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Dhanoa, S.; Oluwasina, F.; Shalaby, R.; Kim, E.; Agyapong, B.; Hrabok, M.; Eboreime, E.; Kravtsenyuk, M.; Yang, A.; Nwachukwu, I.; et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Likely Major Depressive Disorder among Medical Students in Alberta, Canada. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811496
Dhanoa S, Oluwasina F, Shalaby R, Kim E, Agyapong B, Hrabok M, Eboreime E, Kravtsenyuk M, Yang A, Nwachukwu I, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Likely Major Depressive Disorder among Medical Students in Alberta, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811496
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhanoa, Sumeet, Folajinmi Oluwasina, Reham Shalaby, Esther Kim, Belinda Agyapong, Marianne Hrabok, Ejemai Eboreime, Maryana Kravtsenyuk, Alicia Yang, Izu Nwachukwu, and et al. 2022. "Prevalence and Correlates of Likely Major Depressive Disorder among Medical Students in Alberta, Canada" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811496