Changes in Reported Symptoms Attributed to Office Environments in Sweden between 1995 and 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.3. The MM 040 NA Questionnaire
2.4. Statistics
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Respondent Characteristics
3.2. Reported Frequencies of Symptoms and Perceived Causality
3.3. Sex and Atopy
3.4. Logistic Regression Analyses Adjusted for Sex and Atopy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respondents | 1995–1999 N = 4028 | 2000–2004 N = 5348 | 2005–2009 N = 7293 | 2010–2014 N = 8904 | 2015–2020 N = 790 | |
Sex (%) | Men | 1917 (47.6) | 2194 (41.0) | 2751 (37.7) | 2725 (30.6) | 209 (26.5) |
Women | 2111 (52.4) | 3154 (59.0) | 4542 (62.3) | 6179 (69.4) | 581 (73.5) | |
Atopy: current or ever eczema, hay fever or asthma (%) | Yes No | 1580 (39.7) 2399 (60.3) | 2161 (41.1) 3091 (58.9) | 2990 (41.9) 4143 (58.1) | 3836 (44.0) 4890 (56.0) | 362 (46.6) 414 (53.4 |
Current smoker (%) | Yes | 615 (15.7) | 726 (14.0) | 752 (10.7) | 718 (8.4) | 52 (6.9) |
No | 3302 (84.3) | 4478 (86.0) | 6282 (89.3) | 7866 (91.6) | 702 (93.1) | |
Age (%) | <30 | 478 (11.9) | 517 (9.6) | 760 (10.4) | 789 (8.8) | 58 (7.3) |
30–39 | 940 (23.3) | 1296 (24.2) | 1616 (22.1) | 1836 (20.5) | 167 (21.0) | |
40–49 | 1200 (29.8) | 1452 (27.1) | 1869 (25.5) | 2570 (28.7) | 206 (25.9) | |
50–59 | 1171 (29.0) | 1701 (31.7) | 2194 (30.0) | 2473 (27.6) | 228 (28.7) | |
60–70 | 244 (6.1) | 398 (7.4) | 885 (12.1) | 1294 (14.4) | 135 (17.0) | |
Min, max, mean, SD | 19, 68, 44, 11 | 19, 67, 45, 11 | 19, 70, 46, 11 | 19, 70, 46, 11 | 21, 70, 47, 11 | |
Years at current workplace (%) | <1 | 443 (11.3) | 439 (8.6) | 731 (12.4) | 987 (11.5) | 51 (6.7) |
1–5 | 1966 (50.0) | 3346 (65.4) | 3651 (62.2) | 4835 (56.2) | 455 (59.6) | |
6–10 | 799 (20.3) | 500 (9.8) | 861 (14.7) | 1330 (15.5) | 114 (14.9) | |
11–20 | 508 (12.9) | 456 (8.9) | 376 (6.4) | 958 (11.1) | 111 (14.5) | |
>20 | 218 (5.5) | 374 (7.3) | 255 (4.3) | 492 (5.7) | 33 (4.3) | |
Min, max, mean, SD | <1, 46, 6, 7 | <1, 42, 5, 7 | <1, 45, 5, 7 | <1, 56, 6, 7 | <1, 53, 6, 7 |
Symptoms | Response Categories | Year Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995–1999 | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | 2010–2014 | 2015–2020 | ||
Fatigue | Yes often (%) | 1023 (25.9) | 1552 (29.7) | 2076 (28.7) | 2744 (30.9) | 281 (35.7) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 697 (68.1) | 913 (58.8) | 1006 (48.5) | 1334 (48.6) | 141 (50.2) |
Heavy-feeling head | Yes often (%) | 575 (14.7) | 832 (16.1) | 1070 (14.9) | 1533 (17.4) | 167 (21.3) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 472 (82.1) | 638 (76.7) | 720 (67.3) | 1029 (67.1) | 114 (68.2) |
Headache | Yes often (%) | 396 (10.1) | 564 (10.9) | 773 (10.7) | 1072 (12.2) | 131 (16.8) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 295 (74.5) | 392 (69.5) | 457 (59.1) | 656 (61.2) | 79 (60.3) |
Nausea/dizziness | Yes often (%) | 89 (2.3) | 108 (2.1) | 126 (1.8) | 171 (1.9) | 15 (1.9) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 51 (57.3) | 58 (53.7) | 40 (31.7) | 71 (41.5) | 9 (60.0) |
Difficulties concentrating | Yes often (%) | 167 (4.3) | 313 (6.1) | 419 (5.9) | 666 (7.6) | 71 (9.1) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 123 (73.7) | 231 (73.8) | 293 (70.0) | 444 (66.7) | 45 (63.3) |
Itchy, stinging, irritated eyes | Yes often (%) | 535 (13.6) | 787 (15.1) | 1035 (14.4) | 1444 (16.3) | 170 (21.9) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 443 (82.8) | 635 (80.7) | 763 (73.7) | 1073 (74.3) | 124 (72.9) |
Irritated, congested, runny nose | Yes often (%) | 506 (12.9) | 753 (14.5) | 982 (13.6) | 1347 (15.2) | 148 (19.0) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 365 (72.1) | 491 (65.2) | 531 (54.1) | 757 (56.2) | 77 (52.1) |
Hoarseness, dry throat | Yes often (%) | 438 (11.2) | 582 (11.2) | 632 (8.8) | 874 (9.9) | 77 (9.8) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 363 (82.9) | 458 (78.7) | 422 (66.8) | 599 (68.5) | 43 (55.8) |
Cough | Yes often (%) | 189 (4.9) | 308 (5.9) | 394 (5.5) | 601 (6.8) | 49 (6.3) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 133 (70.4) | 189 (61.4) | 199 (50.5) | 356 (59.2) | 19 (38.8) |
Dry/red skin on face | Yes often (%) | 430 (11.0) | 579 (11.2) | 627 (8.7) | 873 (9.9) | 94 (12.0) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 332 (77.2) | 406 (70.1) | 359 (57.3) | 446 (51.1) | 51 (54.3) |
Scaly/itchy scalp or ears | Yes often (%) | 288 (7.4) | 396 (7.7) | 489 (6.8) | 700 (7.9) | 64 (8.3) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 148 (51.4) | 171 (43.2) | 139 (28.4) | 200 (28.6) | 27 (42.2) |
Dry, itchy, or red skin on hands | Yes often (%) | 318 (8.2) | 436 (8.4) | 550 (7.7) | 810 (9.2) | 105 (13.5) |
If yes often: workplace is cause | Yes (%) | 208 (65.4) | 239 (54.8) | 218 (39.6) | 319 (39.4) | 49 (46.7) |
Symptoms | Sex/Atopy | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | Women | 2.04 | 1.92–2.16 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 1.61 | 1.53–1.70 | <0.001 | |
Heavy-feeling head | Women | 2.45 | 2.25–2.65 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 1.70 | 1.59–1.82 | <0.001 | |
Headache | Women | 2.80 | 2.54–3.10 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 1.55 | 1.43–1.68 | <0.001 | |
Nausea or dizziness | Women | 3.06 | 2.41–3.89 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 1.62 | 1.35–1.94 | <0.001 | |
Difficulties concentrating | Women | 1.67 | 1.48–1.87 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 1.49 | 1.35–1.66 | <0.001 | |
Itch, stinging, or irritation in eyes | Women | 2.54 | 2.34–2.76 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 1.82 | 1.70–1.95 | <0.001 | |
Irritation, congestion, or runny nose | Women | 1.80 | 1.66–1.96 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 2.50 | 2.33–2.69 | <0.001 | |
Hoarseness/dry throat | Women | 2.11 | 1.91–2.33 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 2.25 | 2.07–2.45 | <0.001 | |
Cough | Women | 1.68 | 1.49–1.89 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 2.47 | 2.22–2.75 | <0.001 | |
Dry or red skin on face | Women | 2.17 | 1.97–2.40 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 2.45 | 2.25–2.67 | <0.001 | |
Scaly/itchy ears or scalp | Women | 1.55 | 1.39–1.73 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 3.33 | 3.00–3.68 | <0.001 | |
Dry, itchy, or red skin on hands | Women | 2.42 | 2.16–2.70 | <0.001 |
Atopy | 3.00 | 2.73–3.30 | <0.001 |
Year Group | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptom | 2000–2004 | 2005–2009 | 2010–2014 | 2015–2020 | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Fatigue | 1.16 | 1.05–1.28 | 1.07 | 0.98–1.17 | 1.14 | 1.04–1.24 | 1.36 | 1.15–1.61 |
Workplace is cause | 0.58 | 0.48–0.70 | 0.31 | 0.26–0.37 | 0.32 | 0.27–0.38 | 0.33 | 0.25–0.45 |
Heavy–feeling head | 1.05 | 0.94–1.19 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.03 | 1.04 | 0.93–1.16 | 1.30 | 1.06–1.58 |
Workplace is cause | 0.55 | 0.38–0.80 | 0.24 | 0.17–0.33 | 0.26 | 0.18–0.36 | 0.24 | 0.15–0.38 |
Headache | 1.02 | 0.89–1.17 | 0.96 | 0.85–1.10 | 1.04 | 0.92–1.18 | 1.46 | 1.17–1.82 |
Workplace is cause | 0.63 | 0.43–0.94 | 0.27 | 0.19–0.38 | 0.31 | 0.22–0.44 | 0.28 | 0.17–0.46 |
Nausea/dizziness | 0.85 | 0.64–1.13 | 0.69 | 0.53–0.92 | 0.72 | 0.55–0.93 | 0.65 | 0.37–1.15 |
Workplace is cause | 0.78 | 0.41–1.51 | 0.28 | 0.15–0.52 | 0.45 | 0.25–0.83 | 1.18 | 0.33–4.27 |
Difficulties concentrating | 1.40 | 1.15–1.70 | 1.29 | 1.07–1.55 | 1.66 | 1.39–1.98 | 1.97 | 1.47–2.64 |
Workplace is cause | 0.91 | 0.53–1.56 | 0.69 | 0.41–1.15 | 0.56 | 0.34–0.91 | 0.42 | 0.21–0.84 |
Itchy, stinging, irritated eyes | 1.08 | 0.95–1.22 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.09 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.18 | 1.47 | 1.21–1.80 |
Workplace is cause | 0.51 | 0.31–0.85 | 0.20 | 0.12–0.31 | 0.22 | 0.14–0.34 | 0.21 | 0.12–0.38 |
Irritated, congested, runny nose | 1.10 | 0.97–1.24 | 0.97 | 0.86–1.10 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.19 | 1.35 | 1.09–1.66 |
Workplace is cause | 0.54 | 0.38–0.75 | 0.23 | 0.17–0.31 | 0.24 | 0.18–0.33 | 0.23 | 0.14–0.36 |
Hoarseness/dry throat | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 0.69 | 0.60–0.79 | 0.74 | 0.66–0.84 | 0.73 | 0.56–0.95 |
Workplace is cause | 0.33 | 0.18–0.60 | 0.12 | 0.07–0.21 | 0.14 | 0.08–0.24 | 0.07 | 0.04–0.15 |
Cough | 1.18 | 0.98–1.43 | 1.03 | 0.86–1.23 | 1.26 | 1.06–1.49 | 1.09 | 0.78–1.52 |
Workplace is cause | 0.50 | 0.30–0.83 | 0.25 | 0.16–0.40 | 0.35 | 0.22–0.55 | 0.13 | 0.06–0.28 |
Dry/red skin on face | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 0.70 | 0.61–0.80 | 0.76 | 0.67–0.86 | 0.89 | 0.70–1.15 |
Workplace is cause | 0.62 | 0.41–0.92 | 0.20 | 0.14–0.29 | 0.16 | 0.11–0.23 | 0.18 | 0.11–0.32 |
Scaly or itchy scalp or ears | 1.00 | 0.85–1.18 | 0.84 | 0.72–0.98 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.10 | 0.98 | 0.73–1.30 |
Workplace is cause | 0.50 | 0.35–0.73 | 0.19 | 0.13–0.28 | 0.19 | 0.14–0.27 | 0.33 | 0.18–0.60 |
Dry, itchy, or red skin on hands | 0.97 | 0.83–1.13 | 0.83 | 0.72–0.96 | 0.95 | 0.83–1.10 | 1.43 | 1.12–1.83 |
Workplace is cause | 0.60 | 0.42–0.87 | 0.22 | 0.15–0.30 | 0.22 | 0.16–0.31 | 0.30 | 0.18–0.49 |
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Egfors, D.; Gunnarsson, A.G.; Ricklund, N. Changes in Reported Symptoms Attributed to Office Environments in Sweden between 1995 and 2020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811434
Egfors D, Gunnarsson AG, Ricklund N. Changes in Reported Symptoms Attributed to Office Environments in Sweden between 1995 and 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811434
Chicago/Turabian StyleEgfors, Della, Anita Gidlöf Gunnarsson, and Niklas Ricklund. 2022. "Changes in Reported Symptoms Attributed to Office Environments in Sweden between 1995 and 2020" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811434