Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis in the Dust Fall on Buildings of Different Heights
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Treatment and Heavy Metal Detection and Analysis
2.3. Enrichment Factor
2.4. Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Dust Fall
2.4.1. Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo)
2.4.2. Potential Ecological Risk Index
2.5. Source Analysis of Heavy Metals
2.5.1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
2.5.2. Rare Earth Element Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Content of Heavy Metal Elements in Dust Fall on the Rooftops of Urban Buildings
3.2. Heavy Metal EFs
3.3. Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Dust Fall
3.3.1. Geoaccumulation Index
3.3.2. Potential Ecological Risk Index
3.4. Analyses of Dust Fall and Heavy Metal Sources
3.4.1. Correlation Analyses
3.4.2. Principal Component Analysis
3.4.3. Rare Earth Element Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pollution Level | EF | Enrichment Degree |
---|---|---|
I | EF < 1 | No enrichment |
1 ≤ EF < 2 | Slight enrichment | |
II | 2 ≤ EF < 5 | Moderate enrichment |
III | 5 ≤ EF < 20 | Significant enrichment |
IV | 20 ≤ EF < 40 | Strong enrichment |
V | EF ≥ 40 | Extremely strong enrichment |
Grade | Igeo | Degree of Pollution |
---|---|---|
0 | Igeo ≤ 0 | Pollution-free |
1 | 0 < Igeo ≤ 1 | Slight pollution |
2 | 1 < Igeo ≤ 2 | Mild pollution |
3 | 2 < Igeo ≤ 3 | Moderate pollution |
4 | 3 < Igeo ≤ 4 | High pollution |
5 | 4 < Igeo ≤ 5 | Heavy pollution |
6 | Igeo > 5 | Severe pollution |
(Single-Factor Potential Ecological Hazard Coefficient) | RI (Total Potential Ecological Risk Hazard Index) | Potential Ecological Risk Degree |
---|---|---|
<40 | <150 | Low ecological risk |
40–80 | 150–300 | Moderate ecological risk |
80–160 | 300–600 | Considerable ecological risk |
160–320 | 600–1200 | High ecological risk |
≥320 | ≥1200 | Very high ecological risk |
Heavy Metal | Data | Low-Rise Building | Medium-Rise Building | High-Rise Building | Background Value (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Average | 265.1 | 123.7 | 130.1 | 29.8 |
Standard deviation (SD) | 291.7 | 47.3 | 72.4 | ||
Coefficient of variation (CV) | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | ||
Mn | Average | 756.0 | 701.4 | 799.5 | 705 |
SD | 166.3 | 351.5 | 348.9 | ||
CV | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | ||
Ni | Average | 89.1 | 58.3 | 50.5 | 26.8 |
SD | 82.6 | 23.3 | 30.3 | ||
CV | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.6 | ||
Cu | Average | 89.8 | 70.8 | 69.3 | 18.7 |
SD | 41.3 | 39.5 | 36.8 | ||
CV | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | ||
Zn | Average | 471.3 | 366.1 | 546.6 | 57.5 |
SD | 220.8 | 181.8 | 458.9 | ||
CV | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | ||
As | Average | 14.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 7.09 |
SD | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.3 | ||
CV | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||
Cd | Average | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.119 |
SD | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||
CV | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
Pb | Average | 75.7 | 54.5 | 61.2 | 24.6 |
SD | 34.7 | 16.6 | 24.1 | ||
CV | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
Heavy Metal | Data | Low-Rise Building | Medium-Rise Building | High-Rise Building |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | Igeo | 1.35 | 0.39 | 0.46 |
Pollution degree | Mild pollution | Slight pollution | Slight pollution | |
Pollution level | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Mn | Igeo | −0.13 | −0.24 | −0.05 |
Pollution degree | Pollution-free | Pollution-free | Pollution-free | |
Pollution level | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Ni | Igeo | 1.21 | 0.58 | 0.37 |
Pollution degree | Mild pollution | Slight pollution | Slight pollution | |
Pollution level | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
Cu | Igeo | 1.38 | 1.04 | 1.01 |
Pollution degree | Mild pollution | Mild pollution | Mild pollution | |
Pollution level | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Zn | Igeo | 2.23 | 1.86 | 2.44 |
Pollution degree | Moderate pollution | Mild pollution | Moderate pollution | |
Pollution level | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
As | Igeo | 0.04 | −0.31 | −0.18 |
Pollution degree | Slight pollution | Pollution-free | Pollution-free | |
Pollution level | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Cd | Igeo | −7.74 | −7.89 | −7.91 |
Pollution degree | Pollution-free | Pollution-free | Pollution-free | |
Pollution level | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Pb | Igeo | 1.01 | 0.54 | 0.71 |
Pollution degree | Mild pollution | Slight pollution | Slight pollution | |
Pollution level | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Cr | Mn | Ni | Cu | Zn | As | Cd | Pb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | 1 | |||||||
Mn | 0.052 | 1 | ||||||
Ni | 0.950 ** | −0.052 | 1 | |||||
Cu | 0.362 | 0.639 ** | 0.252 | 1 | ||||
Zn | 0.370 | 0.426 * | 0.217 | 0.734 ** | 1 | |||
As | 0.349 | 0.341 | 0.241 | 0.346 | 0.287 | 1 | ||
Cd | 0.339 | 0.386 | 0.257 | 0.594 ** | 0.671 ** | 0.394 * | 1 | |
Pb | 0.333 | 0.329 | 0.389 * | 0.665 ** | 0.615 ** | 0.247 | 0.593 ** | 1 |
Initial Eigenvalue | Sum of Squares of Loads | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Variance (%) | Cumulative (%) | Total | Variance (%) | Cumulative (%) | |
1 | 3.926 | 49.077 | 49.077 | 3.926 | 49.077 | 49.077 |
2 | 1.660 | 20.745 | 69.822 | 1.660 | 20.745 | 69.822 |
3 | 0.870 | 10.875 | 80.697 | 0.870 | 10.875 | 80.697 |
4 | 0.602 | 7.523 | 88.220 | |||
5 | 0.416 | 5.203 | 93.423 | |||
6 | 0.332 | 4.155 | 97.578 | |||
7 | 0.180 | 2.255 | 99.833 | |||
8 | 0.013 | 0.167 | 100.000 |
Heavy Metal | Component | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Cr | 0.640 | 0.729 | 0.070 |
Mn | 0.560 | −0.551 | 0.294 |
Ni | 0.548 | 0.811 | −0.028 |
Cu | 0.853 | −0.285 | −0.084 |
Zn | 0.813 | −0.226 | −0.241 |
As | 0.539 | 0.022 | 0.763 |
Cd | 0.786 | −0.169 | −0.081 |
Pb | 0.778 | −0.070 | −0.352 |
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Song, H.; Li, J.; Li, L.; Dong, J.; Hou, W.; Yang, R.; Zhang, S.; Zu, S.; Ma, P.; Zhao, W. Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis in the Dust Fall on Buildings of Different Heights. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811376
Song H, Li J, Li L, Dong J, Hou W, Yang R, Zhang S, Zu S, Ma P, Zhao W. Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis in the Dust Fall on Buildings of Different Heights. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811376
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Hanyang, Jinxiang Li, Lingjun Li, Jie Dong, Wenxing Hou, Ran Yang, Shanwen Zhang, Sida Zu, Pengfei Ma, and Wenji Zhao. 2022. "Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis in the Dust Fall on Buildings of Different Heights" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811376