Health Problems of Students during Distance Learning in Central and Eastern Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Poland and Ukraine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Demographic Characteristics
2.3. Trust
2.4. Short Scale of Youth’s Social Support Assessment
2.5. Internet Addiction Index (IUI)
2.6. The Amount of Time Spent in Online Lessons
2.7. The Index of Negative Assessment of Remote Education (INOZE)
2.8. Index of Negative Impact of Remote Education (INWZE)
2.9. Pandemic Negative Effects Index (INSP)
2.10. Health loss index (ISZ)
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Poland, n = 1000 | Ukraine, n = 1022 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | Mean (SD) Min–Max | M = 14.65, SD = 2.35 10–19 | M = 13.46, SD = 2.34 10–18 |
Sex% (n) | Female | 50 (502) | 49 (496) |
Male | 50 (498) | 51 (526) | |
Place of residence% (n) | Village | 41 (414) | 32 (331) |
City | 59 (586) | 68 (691) | |
Social status | Low | 21 (197) | 23 (219) |
Medium | 66 (611) | 60 (574) | |
High | 12 (115) | 17 (170) | |
Number of books | 0–25 | 31 (304) | 33 (334) |
26–200 | 62 (607) | 61 (623) | |
Over 200 | 6 (59) | 6 (65) | |
Do you have siblings? | Yes | 68 (682) | 54 (548) |
No | 32 (318) | 46 (474) | |
Number of children in family | Mean (SD) Min–Max | M = 1.9, SD = 0.84 1–6 | M = 1.7, SD = 0.98 1–10 |
Religiosity | Deep Believer | 2 (15) | 4 (45) |
Believer | 67 (666) | 74 (760) | |
Undecided | 22 (218) | 13 (133) | |
Unbeliever | 10 (102) | 8 (85) |
Poland | Ukraine | |
---|---|---|
The parent lost his/her job | 4 (36) | 9 (91) |
Parents switched to remote work | 18 (177) | 7 (73) |
Family income fell and it was necessary to save | 12 (119) | 35 (358) |
Meal options deteriorated | 2 (21) | 8 (78) |
Disagreements and conflicts arose at home | 12 (123) | 8 (79) |
Contacts with peers deteriorated | 15 (148) | 6 (65) |
Someone in the family was seriously ill | 10 (95) | 7 (68) |
Someone in the family died from COVID-19 | 3 (30) | 1 (9) |
Parents broke up or divorced | 1 (5) | 1 (7) |
None of the above events occurred | 58 (578) | 51 (516) |
Poland | Ukraine | |
---|---|---|
Deterioration of health | 7 (70) | 16 (158) |
Mental well-being deterioration | 20 (204) | 13 (128) |
Deterioration of eyesight | 16 (160) | 22 (221) |
Overweightness | 18 (176) | 16 (164) |
Lowering physical fitness | 30 (302) | 37 (373) |
Deterioration of overall functioning | 21 (210) | 13 (136) |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sex | ||||||||||||||
2. Age | 0.00 | |||||||||||||
3. Place of residence | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
4. Social status | 0.07 * | −0.01 | 0.23 ** | |||||||||||
5. Number of children in the family | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.07 * | 0.00 | ||||||||||
6. Number of books | 0.06 * | 0.03 | 0.08 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.02 | |||||||||
7. Trust | 0.00 | −0.16 ** | −0.15 ** | −0.07 * | 0.00 | −0.08 * | ||||||||
8. Religiousness | −0.09 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.11 ** | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.10 ** | −0.24 ** | |||||||
9. Social support | 0.11 ** | −0.09 | 0.08 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.21 ** | ||||||
10. Internet Addiction Index (IUI) | −0.13 ** | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.06 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.18 ** | 0.09 ** | −0.25 ** | |||||
11. Amount of time spent in online lessons | 0.09 * | 0.28 ** | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.08 * | 0.08 ** | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
12. Index of negative evaluation of remote education (INOZE) | 0.15 ** | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 * | 0.05 | −0.13 ** | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.09 * | 0.02 | |||
13. Index of negative impact of remote education (INWZE) | 0.05 | −0.08 ** | 0.11 ** | 0.03 | 0.16 ** | 0.08 ** | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.06 * | 0.10 ** | 0.04 | 0.26 ** | ||
14. Pandemic Negative Effects Index (INSP) | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.11 ** | 0.00 | 0.11 ** | 0.11 ** | −0.15 ** | 0.11 ** | −0.17 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.02 | 0.12 ** | 0.12 ** | |
15. Health loss index (ISZ) | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 * | 0.13 ** | −0.17 ** | 0.08 ** | −0.10 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.33 ** |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sex | ||||||||||||||
2. Age | 0.00 | |||||||||||||
3. Place of residence | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||
4. Social status | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.24 ** | |||||||||||
5. Number of children in the family | 0.04 | −0.08 * | 0.14 ** | −0.17 ** | ||||||||||
6. Number of books | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.21 ** | 0.02 | |||||||||
7. Trust | 0.02 | −0.17 ** | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | ||||||||
8. Religiousness | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.16 ** | 0.01 | −0.12 | −0.16 ** | 0 | |||||||
9. Social support | 0.05 | −0.15 ** | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08 ** | 0.65 ** | −0.07 | ||||||
10. Internet Addiction Index (IUI) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.12 ** | 0.02 | −0.13 ** | |||||
11. Amount of time spent in online lessons | 0.09 | 0.23 ** | −0.17 | 0.17 ** | −0.10 ** | 0.10 ** | −0.07 * | 0.00 | −0.06 * | 0.06 ** | ||||
12. Index of negative evaluation of remote education (INOZE) | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |||
13. Index of negative impact of remote education (INWZE) | 0.06 | −0.14 ** | 0.03 | −0.09 * | 0.06 * | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.06 * | 0.07 * | 0.04 | 0.18 ** | ||
14. Pandemic Negative Effects Index (INSP) | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.12 ** | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 * | −0.14 ** | 0.01 | −0.16 ** | 0.13 ** | 0.11 ** | 0.06 * | 0.18 ** | |
15. Health loss index (ISZ) | 0.13 ** | 0.00 | −0.08 ** | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.20** | 0.05 | −0.20** | 0.21 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.13 ** | 0.17 ** | 0.22 ** |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poland | Ukraine | Poland | Ukraine | Poland | Ukraine | |||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Sex | 0.077 | 0.050 | 0.141 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 0.013 | 0.150 | 0.000 | 0.081 | 0.029 | 0.123 | 0.000 |
Age | −0.009 | 0.823 | 0.002 | 0.956 | −0.026 | 0.523 | 0.032 | 0.306 | −0.017 | 0.661 | −0.040 | 0.197 |
Place of residence | 0.061 | 0.133 | −0.076 | 0.018 | −0.050 | 0.227 | −0.082 | 0.013 | −0.017 | 0.653 | 0.030 | 0.321 |
Social status | −0.086 | 0.050 | 0.017 | 0.612 | −0.050 | 0.224 | 0.020 | 0.555 | −0.037 | 0.352 | 0.023 | 0.465 |
Number of children in the family | 0.011 | 0.791 | −0.039 | 0.236 | 0.014 | 0.728 | 0.044 | 0.168 | 0.029 | 0.428 | −0.048 | −0.114 |
Number of books | 0.170 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.325 | 0.154 | 0.000 | −0.051 | 0.114 | 0.127 | 0.001 | 0.033 | 0.281 |
Trust | −0.002 | 0.972 | −0.128 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.650 | 0.141 | 0.000 | ||||
Religiosity | 0.046 | 0.299 | 0.044 | 0.168 | −0.007 | 0.862 | 0.051 | 0.090 | ||||
Social support | 0.117 | 0.015 | −0.151 | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.278 | −0.080 | 0.005 | ||||
Internet Addiction Index (IUI) | 0.238 | 0.000 | 0.163 | 0.000 | ||||||||
The amount of time spent in online lessons | 0.073 | 0.063 | 0.148 | 000 | ||||||||
The Index of Negative Assessment of Remote Education (INOZE) | 0.145 | 0.000 | 0.114 | 000 | ||||||||
Index of negative impact of remote education (INWZE) | 0.200 | 0.000 | 0.117 | 000 | ||||||||
Pandemic Negative Effects Index (INSP) | 0.176 | 0.000 | 0.155 | 000 | ||||||||
F (p ≤ 0.000) | 4.061 | 3.914 | 14.657 | 5.048 | 9.387 | 17.262 | ||||||
R square | 0.028 | 0.025 | 0.040 | 0.073 | 0.232 | 0.191 | ||||||
Standard error | 1.489 | 1.480 | 1.424 | 1.489 | 1.480 | 1.324 |
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Długosz, P.; Liszka, D.; Bastrakova, A.; Yuzva, L. Health Problems of Students during Distance Learning in Central and Eastern Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Poland and Ukraine. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610074
Długosz P, Liszka D, Bastrakova A, Yuzva L. Health Problems of Students during Distance Learning in Central and Eastern Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Poland and Ukraine. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610074
Chicago/Turabian StyleDługosz, Piotr, Damian Liszka, Anastasiia Bastrakova, and Luydmila Yuzva. 2022. "Health Problems of Students during Distance Learning in Central and Eastern Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Poland and Ukraine" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610074
APA StyleDługosz, P., Liszka, D., Bastrakova, A., & Yuzva, L. (2022). Health Problems of Students during Distance Learning in Central and Eastern Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study of Poland and Ukraine. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610074