The Level of Fear in the Polish Police Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic with the Impact of Sociodemographic Variables
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Materials and Methods
- I am afraid of the coronavirus (COVID-19) more than anything else;
- Thinking about the coronavirus (COVID-19) makes me uncomfortable;
- My palms sweat when I think about the coronavirus (COVID-19);
- I am worried that I will die from the coronavirus infection (COVID-19);
- When I hear about the coronavirus (COVID-19) in the media and on the Internet, I become nervous and worried;
- I cannot sleep because of the coronavirus (COVID-19);
- My heart starts to beat faster when I think about the coronavirus (COVID-19).
- Confidence level (α): 95%;
- Sample size (n): 1887;
- Proportion percentage (p): 50;
- Population size (N): 96,132.
4. Results
- Gender: OR [95%] = 0.49 [0.393942; 0.602288], p = 0.000, the odds of mental (emotional) symptoms in a woman are 0.5 fold higher than in a man;
- Age: OR [95%] = 1.07 [1.052602; 1.079336], p = 0.000, the odds of mental (emotional) symptoms are slightly higher in older people;
- Having children: OR [95%] = 1.83 [1.419435; 2.346546], p = 0.000, the odds of mental (emotional) symptoms in a person with children is 1.83 fold higher than in people without children;
- Caring for the elderly is not statistically significant.
- Gender: OR [95%] = 0.68 [0.481045; 0.950956], p = 0.024, the odds of somatic symptoms in a woman are higher than in a man;
- Age: OR [95%] = 1.05 [1.026699; 1.066078], p = 0.000, the odds of somatic symptoms are slightly higher in older people;
- Having children: OR [95%] = 1.51 [1.004557; 2.277944], p = 0.048, the odds of somatic symptoms in a person with children is 1.53 fold higher than in those without children;
- Caring for the elderly is not statistically significant.
- Gender: OR [95%] = 0.60 [0.469761; 0.770796], p = 0.000, the odds of developing symptoms are slightly higher in older people;
- Age: OR [95%] = 1.06 [1.046349; 1.076548], p = 0.000, the odds of symptoms are slightly higher in older people;
- Having children: OR [95%] = 1.73 [1.280751; 2.333964], p = 0.000, the odds of having emotional symptoms in a person with children is 1.73 fold higher than in people without children;
- Caring for the elderly is not statistically significant.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cronbach’s Alpha/Split-Half | |
---|---|
Analyzed variables | Q1; Q2; Q3; Q4; Q5; Q6; Q7 |
Significance level | 0.05 |
Group size | 1885 |
Number of items | 7 |
Mean of scale | 12.84191 |
Standard deviation of scale | 4.872629 |
Cronbach’s alpha for scale | 0.88701 |
−95% CI for Cronbach’s alpha for scale | 0.879043 |
+95% CI for Cronbach’s alpha for scale | 0.894633 |
Standard error of measurement | 1.637888 |
Average correlation between pairs of items | 0.539206 |
Standardized Cronbach’s alpha | 0.8912 |
Demographics | Group | N (%)/Min, Max, Mean |
---|---|---|
Gender | Woman Man | 643 (34.1%) 1242 (65.9%) |
Age (in years) | Min 20, max 66, mean 38.75 | |
Do you have children? | No | 528 (28%) |
Yes | 1357 (72%) | |
Do you live with any elderly persons or are you taking care of them? | No | 1540 (81.7%) |
Yes | 345 (18.3%) |
Fear Symptoms | Group | Frequency n | Percent (%) | Mean | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I am afraid of the coronavirus (COVID-19) more than anything else | 1 | 350 | 18.6 | 2.42 | 1.02 |
2 | 745 | 39.5 | |||
3 | 486 | 25.8 | |||
4 | 256 | 13.6 | |||
5 | 48 | 2.5 | |||
Thinking about the coronavirus (COVID-19) makes me uncomfortable | 1 | 511 | 27.1 | 2.24 | 1.05 |
2 | 722 | 38.3 | |||
3 | 384 | 20.4 | |||
4 | 229 | 12.1 | |||
5 | 39 | 2.1 | |||
My palms sweat when I think about the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1 | 1228 | 65.1 | 1.47 | 0.74 |
2 | 475 | 25.2 | |||
3 | 145 | 7.7 | |||
4 | 30 | 1.6 | |||
5 | 7 | 0.4 | |||
I am worried that I will die from the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection | 1 | 851 | 45.1 | 1.81 | 0.93 |
2 | 682 | 36.2 | |||
3 | 238 | 12.6 | |||
4 | 82 | 4.4 | |||
5 | 32 | 1.7 | |||
When I hear about the coronavirus (COVID-19) in the media and on the internet, I become nervous and worried | 1 | 645 | 34.2 | 2.06 | 1.04 |
2 | 755 | 40.1 | |||
3 | 250 | 13.3 | |||
4 | 193 | 10.2 | |||
5 | 42 | 2.2 | |||
I cannot sleep because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1 | 1366 | 72.5 | 1.38 | 0.73 |
2 | 370 | 19.6 | |||
3 | 111 | 5.9 | |||
4 | 21 | 1.1 | |||
5 | 17 | 0.9 | |||
My heart starts to beat faster when I think about the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1 | 1237 | 65.6 | 1.46 | 0.74 |
2 | 484 | 25.7 | |||
3 | 121 | 6.4 | |||
4 | 36 | 1.9 | |||
5 | 7 | 0.3 |
Fear Symptoms | Gender | AGE | Having Children | Taking Care of the Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|
I am afraid of the coronavirus (COVID-19) more than anything else | 0.00 | Pearson Correlation R = 0.28 Sig. = 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.018 |
Thinking about the coronavirus (COVID-19) makes me uncomfortable | 0.00 | Pearson Correlation R = 0.27 Sig. = 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.261 |
My palms sweat when I think about the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 0.009 | Pearson Correlation R = 0.10 Sig. = 0.00 | 0.114 | 0.614 |
I am worried that I will die from the coronavirus infection (COVID-19) | 0.00 | Pearson Correlation R = 0.23 Sig. = 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.692 |
When I hear about the coronavirus (COVID-19) in the media and on the Internet, I become nervous and worried | 0.00 | Pearson Correlation R = 0.27 Sig. = 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.226 |
I cannot sleep because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 0.022 | Pearson Correlation R = 0.15 Sig. = 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.726 |
My heart starts to beat faster when I think about the coronavirus (COVID-19) | 0.004 | Pearson Correlation R = 0.17 Sig. = 0.00 | 0.003 | 0.099 |
b Coeff. | b Error | −95% CI | +95% CI | Wald Stat. | p-Value | Odds Ratio | −95% CI | +95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | 0.099904 | 0.179553 | −0.252014 | 0.451822 | 0.309586 | 0.577934 | 1.105065 | 0.777234 | 1.571173 |
Gender | −0.719285 | 0.108301 | −0.931551 | −0.50702 | 44.110373 | <0.000001 | 0.4871 | 0.393942 | 0.602288 |
intercept | −3.609458 | 0.267063 | −4.132891 | −3.086024 | 182.665665 | <0.000001 | 0.027067 | 0.016036 | 0.045683 |
Age | 0.063806 | 0.006398 | 0.051265 | 0.076346 | 99.450684 | <0.000001 | 1.065885 | 1.052602 | 1.079336 |
intercept | −2.118462 | 0.234419 | −2.577916 | −1.659009 | 81.668484 | <0.000001 | 0.120216 | 0.075932 | 0.190328 |
Do you have children | 0.601602 | 0.128238 | 0.350259 | 0.852944 | 22.00805 | 0.000003 | 1.825039 | 1.419435 | 2.346546 |
intercept | −1.208915 | 0.168249 | −1.538677 | −0.879152 | 51.627992 | <0.000001 | 0.298521 | 0.214665 | 0.415135 |
Do you take care of the elderly | 0.120665 | 0.134059 | −0.142084 | 0.383415 | 0.810172 | 0.36807 | 1.128247 | 0.867548 | 1.467287 |
b Coeff. | b Error | −95% CI | +95% CI | Wald Stat. | p-Value | Odds Ratio | −95% CI | +95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | −1.828853 | 0.288128 | −2.393573 | −1.264132 | 40.289059 | <0.000001 | 0.160598 | 0.091303 | 0.282484 |
Gender | −0.391041 | 0.173857 | −0.731794 | −0.050288 | 5.058962 | 0.024499 | 0.676352 | 0.481045 | 0.950956 |
intercept | −4.2796 | 0.409519 | −5.082243 | −3.476957 | 109.208735 | <0.000001 | 0.013848 | 0.006206 | 0.030901 |
Age | 0.045168 | 0.009602 | 0.026349 | 0.063987 | 22.129007 | 0.000003 | 1.046203 | 1.026699 | 1.066078 |
intercept | −3.188513 | 0.382667 | −3.938526 | −2.438499 | 69.427962 | <0.000001 | 0.041233 | 0.019477 | 0.087292 |
Do you have children | 0.41391 | 0.208863 | 0.004547 | 0.823273 | 3.927266 | 0.047509 | 1.512721 | 1.004557 | 2.277944 |
intercept | −2.787494 | 0.266642 | −3.310103 | −2.264886 | 109.287868 | <0.000001 | 0.061575 | 0.036512 | 0.103842 |
Taking care of the elderly | 0.270499 | 0.207137 | −0.135481 | 0.67648 | 1.705372 | 0.191587 | 1.310619 | 0.873296 | 1.966941 |
b Coeff. | b Error | −95% CI | +95% CI | Wald Stat. | p-Value | Odds Ratio | −95% CI | +95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | −0.798624 | 0.20925 | −1.208747 | −0.388501 | 14.566407 | 0.000135 | 0.449948 | 0.298571 | 0.678073 |
Gender | −0.507932 | 0.126329 | −0.755532 | −0.260332 | 16.166097 | 0.000058 | 0.601739 | 0.469761 | 0.770796 |
intercept | −4.017329 | 0.308811 | −4.622588 | −3.412071 | 169.234628 | <0.000001 | 0.018001 | 0.009827 | 0.032973 |
Age | 0.059533 | 0.007258 | 0.045307 | 0.073759 | 67.272773 | <0.000001 | 1.061341 | 1.046349 | 1.076548 |
intercept | −2.582963 | 0.281145 | −3.133996 | −2.031929 | 84.406639 | <0.000001 | 0.07555 | 0.043543 | 0.131082 |
Do you have children | 0.547507 | 0.153095 | 0.247447 | 0.847568 | 12.789624 | 0.000349 | 1.728938 | 1.280751 | 2.333964 |
intercept | −1.802264 | 0.196581 | −2.187555 | −1.416972 | 84.052986 | <0.000001 | 0.164925 | 0.112191 | 0.242447 |
Caring over the elderly | 0.151746 | 0.155645 | −0.153313 | 0.456804 | 0.950521 | 0.329587 | 1.163864 | 0.857861 | 1.57902 |
Mental | b Coeff. | b Error | −95% CI | +95% CI | Wald Stat. | p-Value | Odds Ratio | −95% CI | +95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | −0.920283 | 0.068274 | −1.054098 | −0.786468 | 181.689736 | <0.000001 | 0.398406 | 0.348507 | 0.455451 |
Age of group [1] | −0.749672 | 0.124751 | −0.994179 | −0.505165 | 36.112298 | <0.000001 | 0.472522 | 0.370027 | 0.603406 |
Age of group [3] | 0.975853 | 0.180168 | 0.622729 | 1.328976 | 29.336758 | <0.000001 | 2.653428 | 1.864009 | 3.777173 |
OR [95%] | Value of p | |
---|---|---|
20 to 35 years old | 0.472522 [0.370027 0.603406] | <0.000001 |
36 to 50 years old | Reference | |
Older than 50 years | 2.653428 [1.864009 3.777173] | <0.000001 |
Somatic | b Coeff. | b Error | −95% CI | +95% CI | Wald Stat. | p-Value | Odds Ratio | −95% CI | +95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | −2.432581 | 0.113127 | −2.654306 | −2.210856 | 462.381609 | <0.000001 | 0.08781 | 0.070348 | 0.109607 |
Age of group [1] | −0.406805 | 0.201623 | −0.80198 | −0.011631 | 4.070906 | 0.043628 | 0.665774 | 0.44844 | 0.988437 |
Age of group [3] | 0.872333 | 0.247389 | 0.38746 | 1.357206 | 12.433844 | 0.000422 | 2.392487 | 1.473235 | 3.885322 |
OR [95%] | Value of p | |
---|---|---|
20 to 35 years | 0.665774 [0.44844 0.988437] | 0.043628 |
36 to 50 years | Reference | |
more than 50 years | 2.392487 [1.473235 3.885322] | 0.000422 |
Total | b Coeff. | b Error | −95% CI | +95% CI | Wald Stat. | p-Value | Odds Ratio | −95% CI | +95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
intercept | −1.481605 | 0.079333 | −1.637094 | −1.326115 | 348.785239 | <0.000001 | 0.227273 | 0.194545 | 0.265507 |
Age of group [1] | −0.728607 | 0.150375 | −1.023336 | −0.433879 | 23.476787 | 0.000001 | 0.482581 | 0.359394 | 0.647991 |
Age of group [3] | 0.788457 | 0.193762 | 0.408691 | 1.168224 | 16.558434 | 0.000047 | 2.2 | 1.504846 | 3.216275 |
OR [95%] | Value of p | |
---|---|---|
20 to 35 years old | 0.482581 [0.359394 0.647991] | 0.000001 |
36 to 50 years old | Reference | |
Older than 50 years | 2.2 [1.504846 3.216275] | 0.000047 |
Sex | Woman | Man | Woman | Woman | Woman |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 55 |
Having children | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
Cut-off line | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Probability prediction | 0.50625 | 0.348061 | 0.494359 | 0.491134 | 0.566323 |
Prediction Y | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
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Share and Cite
Szykuła-Piec, B.; Piec, R.; Zaczyński, A.; Wójtowicz, R.; Butkiewicz, S.; Rusyan, E.; Adamczyk, K.; Walecka, I.; Dmochowska, A.; Rogula-Kozłowska, W. The Level of Fear in the Polish Police Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic with the Impact of Sociodemographic Variables. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159679
Szykuła-Piec B, Piec R, Zaczyński A, Wójtowicz R, Butkiewicz S, Rusyan E, Adamczyk K, Walecka I, Dmochowska A, Rogula-Kozłowska W. The Level of Fear in the Polish Police Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic with the Impact of Sociodemographic Variables. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159679
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzykuła-Piec, Barbara, Robert Piec, Artur Zaczyński, Rafał Wójtowicz, Sławomir Butkiewicz, Ewa Rusyan, Kamil Adamczyk, Irena Walecka, Anna Dmochowska, and Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska. 2022. "The Level of Fear in the Polish Police Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic with the Impact of Sociodemographic Variables" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9679. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159679