Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices and Outreach Services in Settlements for Rohingya Population in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2018–2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Site
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Operational Definitions
Variables | Definitions |
Diarrhea | According to World Health Organization, diarrhea is the passage of loose, watery stools, occurring three or more times in 24 h. |
Water seal latrine | A toilet that has a squatting pan with a water seal with the pit lying immediately below. |
Pit latrine | It has a squatting pan and simple pit in the ground lying directly below but without any water seal. |
Tap water | A form of chlorinated public water supply to maximize drinking of safe water, while the water is acceptably free from pathogens that have potential to cause disease and often grow in water supply basins. |
Shallow tube wells | Those having a depth that is drilled to ≤100 feet, generally easy to install, requiring little effort in maintenance, and giving easy access to drinking water, as they are installed in the neighborhood. |
Deep tube wells | Those with depths of 500–700 feet, are expensive, difficult and time-consuming to install, and broadly located but give access to relatively safer drinking water. |
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WASH | Water, sanitation and hygiene |
DTCs | Diarrhea-treatment centers |
ORS | Oral rehydration solutions |
E. coli | Escherichia coli |
icddr,b | International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh |
UNICEF | United Nations Children’s Fund |
NGO | Non-governmental organization |
OCV | Oral cholera vaccine |
EWARS | Early warning and alert response system |
DDSS | Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System |
WQS | Water-quality surveillance |
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Name and Location of DTC | Health Facility Code | Starting Date | Ending Date | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leda DTC | HF: 197 | 10 April 2018 | 31 March 2019 | 14 beds |
Leda DTC (2nd Time) | HF: 197 | 8 October 2019 | 31 January 2020 | 14 beds |
Leda DTC (3rd Time) | HF: 197 | 1 May 2020 | Continuing till now | 14 beds |
Teknaf DTC | HF: 567 | 7 August 2018 | 30 April 2020 | 30 beds |
Shamlyapur DTC | HF: 585 | 17 May 2018 | 31 March 2019 | 20 beds |
Balukhali DTC | HF: 182 | 2 May 2018 | 31 December 2018 | 6 beds |
Ukhia DTC | HF: 312 | 1 June 2018 | 31 December 2018 | 30 beds |
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | n = 2355 (%) | n = 1636 (%) | n = 559 (%) | |||
Water source | Rohingya population n = 860 (%) | Host population n = 1495 (%) | Rohingya population n = 463 (%) | Host population n = 1173 (%) | Rohingya population n = 268 (%) | Host population n = 291 (%) |
Public tap | 331 (38.5) | 46 (3.1) | 392 (84.7) | 29 (2.5) | 244 (91.0) | 12 (4.1) |
Deep tube well | 269 (31.3) | 638 (42.7) | 37 (8.0) | 445 (37.9) | 22 (8.2) | 187 (64.3) |
Shallow tube well | 222 (25.8) | 699 (46.8) | 17 (3.7) | 580 (49.4) | 1 (0.4) | 49 (16.8) |
Other | 38 (4.4) | 112 (7.5) | 17 (3.7) | 119 (10.1) | 1 (0.4) | 43 (14.8) |
Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator | n = 2355 (%) | n = 1636 (%) | n = 559 (%) | |||
Type of toilet | Rohingya population n = 860 (%) | Host population n = 1495 (%) | Rohingya population n = 463 (%) | Host population n = 1173 (%) | Rohingya population n = 268 (%) | Host population n = 291 (%) |
Pit latrine, slab with water seal | 114 (13.3) | 376 (25.2) | 99 (21.4) | 315 (26.9) | 85 (31.7) | 128 (44.0) |
Pit latrine, slab without water seal | 712 (82.8) | 814 (54.4) | 362 (78.2) | 664 (56.6) | 183 (68.3) | 160 (55.0) |
Characteristics | AOR | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
5–14 years | 2.37 | 1.96–2.85 | <0.001 |
15+ years | 2.39 | 1.64–3.50 | <0.001 |
Drinking non-tube well water | 0.42 | 0.36–0.50 | <0.001 |
Use of no soap after using the toilet | 2.19 | 1.47–3.28 | <0.001 |
Use of non-sanitary toilet facility | 0.49 | 0.41–0.58 | <0.001 |
Father’s lack of schooling | 0.58 | 0.48–0.70 | <0.001 |
Mother’s lack of schooling | 0.13 | 0.11–0.16 | <0.001 |
Some dehydration | 0.44 | 0.31–0.62 | <0.001 |
Severe dehydration | 0.52 | 0.36–0.74 | <0.001 |
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Faruque, A.; Alam, B.; Nahar, B.; Parvin, I.; Barman, A.K.; Khan, S.H.; Hossain, M.N.; Widiati, Y.; Hasan, A.M.; Kim, M.; et al. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices and Outreach Services in Settlements for Rohingya Population in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2018–2021. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159635
Faruque A, Alam B, Nahar B, Parvin I, Barman AK, Khan SH, Hossain MN, Widiati Y, Hasan AM, Kim M, et al. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices and Outreach Services in Settlements for Rohingya Population in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2018–2021. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159635
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaruque, ASG, Baharul Alam, Baitun Nahar, Irin Parvin, Ashok Kumar Barman, Soroar Hossain Khan, M Nasif Hossain, Yulia Widiati, ASM Mainul Hasan, Minjoon Kim, and et al. 2022. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices and Outreach Services in Settlements for Rohingya Population in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2018–2021" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159635