Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Protocol and Participants
2.2. Blood Sampling
2.3. Blood Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Selected Enzyme Activities
3.2. Analysis of Selected Metabolite Concentrations
3.3. Analysis of Selected Pro-Inflammatory Proteins and Ions
3.4. Analysis of Capillary Blood Morphology
3.5. Mathematical Modeling
4. Discussion
4.1. Enzymatic Markers in Capillary Blood Recovery Profiles of Swimmers
4.2. Selected Metabolic Substrates in Capillary Blood Recovery Profiles of Swimmers
4.3. Selected Pro-Inflammatory Proteins and Ions in Capillary Blood Recovery Profiles of Swimmers
4.4. Morphology of Capillary Blood Recovery Profiles of Swimmers
4.5. Mathematical Modeling
4.6. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | FS Group | FL Group | MS Group | ML Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 5) | (N = 4) | (N = 9) | (N = 9) | |
Age (years) | 17 (15–18) | 16 (15–18) | 16 (15–18) | 17 (16–18) |
Height (cm) | 180 (175–185) | 175 (168–178) | 183 (175–187) | 188 (176–189) |
Weight (kg) | 64.0 (60.0–64.5) | 61.0 (56.5–68.2) | 67.6 (65.0–70.0) | 78.0 (76.0–82.0) |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 21.1 (18.3–22.0) | 20.3 (19.8–21.7) | 20.8 (20.1–21.5) | 22.5 (22.1–24.8) |
Average FINA 1 points | 708 (658–794) | 664 (656–691) | 664 (610–858) | 665 (600–817) |
Length of training experience (years) | 9.0 (9.0–11.0) | 10.5 (8.5–12.0) | 9.0 (8.0–9.0) | 10.0 (7.0–11.0) |
Weekly training volumes (h) | 18.0 (16.5–20.0) | 23.5 (19.0–28.5) | 18.0 (18.0–20.0) | 22.5 (20.0–27.0) |
Weekly distance swam (km) | 35.0 (14.5–53.0) | 34.5 (20.0–51.4) | 33.7 (19.0–51.0) | 51.2 (22.0–61.2) |
Weekly water training sessions | 9 (4–11) | 10 (5–12) | 8 (4–11) | 10 (5–12) |
Weekly dry-land trainings (h) | 5 (2–9) | 7 (4–10) | 8 (4–12) | 6 (2–12) |
Variable | FS Group | FL Group | MS Group | ML Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 5) | (N = 4) | (N = 9) | (N = 9) | |||||
R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | |
CK (U/L) & | ||||||||
AST (U/L) | −0.31 | 0.028 | −0.28 | 0.078 | 0.32 | 0.002 | 0.29 | 0.006 |
ALT (U/L) | −0.22 | 0.131 | −0.06 | 0.729 | 0.41 | <0.0001 | 0.39 | 0.001 |
ALP (U/L) | 0.05 | 0.747 | 0.19 | 0.236 | 0.02 | 0.865 | −0.29 | 0.006 |
LDH (U/L) | −0.03 | 0.851 | −0.12 | 0.446 | 0.25 | 0.017 | 0.01 | 0.925 |
U (mmol/L) | −0.06 | 0.691 | 0.17 | 0.303 | 0.26 | 0.013 | 0.32 | 0.002 |
Cr (mmol/L) | −0.15 | 0.303 | 0.02 | 0.885 | 0.31 | 0.003 | 0.30 | 0.004 |
TB (µmol/L) | −0.01 | 0.976 | 0.22 | 0.174 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.34 | 0.001 |
DB (µmol/L) | −0.31 | 0.030 | −0.17 | 0.289 | 0.22 | 0.041 | 0.09 | 0.410 |
CRP (mg/L) | −0.12 | 0.395 | −0.09 | 0.587 | −0.13 | 0.237 | −0.35 | 0.001 |
ferritin (ng/mL) | 0.33 | 0.019 | 0.11 | 0.489 | 0.30 | 0.005 | 0.07 | 0.482 |
Fe (µmol/L) | 0.29 | 0.039 | 0.40 | 0.010 | 0.12 | 0.273 | 0.16 | 0.122 |
U (mmol/L) & | ||||||||
AST (U/L) | 0.63 | <0.0001 | 0.29 | 0.071 | 0.54 | <0.0001 | 0.35 | 0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | −0.24 | 0.092 | −0.18 | 0.265 | 0.09 | 0.397 | 0.21 | 0.049 |
ALP (U/L) | −0.04 | 0.800 | −0.03 | 0.833 | 0.15 | 0.168 | 0.18 | 0.092 |
LDH (U/L) | −0.06 | 0.686 | −0.03 | 0.852 | 0.06 | 0.601 | 0.21 | 0.047 |
Cr (mmol/L) | 0.49 | 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.369 | 0.07 | 0.501 | 0.25 | 0.016 |
TB (µmol/L) | −0.43 | 0.002 | −0.15 | 0.346 | −0.08 | 0.460 | 0.14 | 0.190 |
DB (µmol/L) | 0.38 | 0.007 | 0.43 | 0.006 | 0.46 | <0.0001 | 0.37 | 0.001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.45 | 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.047 | 0.11 | 0.290 | −0.03 | 0.746 |
ferritin (ng/mL) | 0.38 | 0.006 | 0.41 | 0.008 | 0.34 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 0.018 |
Fe (µmol/L) | −0.36 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.990 | −0.14 | 0.180 | −0.01 | 0.912 |
ferritin (ng/mL) & | ||||||||
AST (U/L) | 0.34 | 0.017 | 0.11 | 0.491 | 0.33 | 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.052 |
ALT (U/L) | −0.17 | 0.247 | −0.50 | 0.001 | −0.08 | 0.460 | −0.18 | 0.086 |
ALP (U/L) | 0.17 | 0.232 | 0.03 | 0.865 | 0.13 | 0.211 | 0.16 | 0.126 |
LDH (U/L) | 0.06 | 0.662 | −0.14 | 0.398 | 0.05 | 0.633 | 0.11 | 0.303 |
Cr (mmol/L) | 0.32 | 0.022 | 0.25 | 0.112 | 0.37 | 0.001 | 0.49 | <0.0001 |
TB (µmol/L) | −0.12 | 0.392 | −0.43 | 0.005 | 0.19 | 0.071 | 0.18 | 0.093 |
DB (µmol/L) | 0.20 | 0.163 | 0.20 | 0.218 | 0.50 | <0.0001 | 0.63 | <0.0001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.25 | 0.078 | 0.24 | 0.129 | −0.12 | 0.262 | −0.14 | 0.183 |
Fe (µmol/L) | −0.25 | 0.076 | −0.09 | 0.567 | −0.23 | 0.025 | −0.37 | 0.001 |
Variable | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week | 5th Week | 6th Week | 7th Week | 8th Week | 9th Week | 10th Week |
FS Group | ||||||||||
WBC (109/L) | 4.1 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 8.9 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 6.9 |
(3.9–4.7) | (5.4–5.7) | (5.0–7.3) | (7.9–9.9) | (5.0–5.8) | (4.7–6.6) | (4.3–5.1) | (5.4–5.8) | (4.7–5.2) | (5.7–8.8) | |
RBC (1012/L) | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 * |
(4.3–4.4) | (4.4–4.5) | (4.5–4.8) | (4.9–5.5) | (4.8–5.1) | (5.2–5.3) | (4.8–5.0) | (4.3–4.5) | (4.3–4.6) | (4.3–4.5) | |
Hb (mmol/L) | 7.4 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 7.5 * |
(7.2–8.0) | (7.7–7.9) | (8.0–8.1) | (9.7–10.3) | (8.6–9.0) | (9.2–9.8) | (8.9–9.2) | (7.2–7.5) | (7.6–7.9) | (7.3–7.6) | |
HCT (%) | 39.8 | 41.0 | 43.6 | 47.0 | 42.7 | 46.7 | 44.5 | 41.9 | 41.5 | 40.5 |
(39.6–41.5) | (41.0–41.2) | (41.8–43.6) | (46.6–51.0) | (42.5–45.1) | (43.9–46.8) | (44.3–45.7) | (40.6–42.7) | (39.8–41.6) | (39.3–40.7) | |
PLT (109/L) | 201 | 287 | 284 | 302 | 275 | 253 | 245 | 226 | 237 | 230 |
(191–230) | (277–287) | (275–289) | (297–309) | (206–287) | (238–262) | (245–248) | (208–345) | (230–275) | (220–269) | |
PCT (10−2 L/L) | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
(0.15–0.16) | (0.18–0.22) | (0.20–0.22) | (0.20–0.21) | (0.15–0.22) | (0.17–0.18) | (0.16–0.17) | (0.16–0.24) | (0.18–0.21) | (0.18–0.21) | |
MCV (fL) | 92 | 92 | 91 | 92 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 95 | 93 | 90 |
(92–94) | (91–93) | (90–93) | (90–94) | (86–89) | (89–91) | (88–90) | (95–95) | (90–93) | (89–92) | |
MCH (fmol) | 1.72 | 1.75 | 1.70 | 1.86 * | 1.81 | 1.87 | 1.81 | 1.70 | 1.71 | 1.68 |
(1.72–1.80) | (1.71–1.77) | (1.69–1.81) | (1.86–1.93) | (1.69–1.83) | (1.81–1.88) | (1.80–1.82) | (1.68–1.71) | (1.71–1.79) | (1.66–1.73) | |
MCHC (mmol/L) | 18.7 | 18.9 * | 18.8 * | 20.7 | 20.3 | 20.6 | 20.2 | 17.7 | 19.1 | 18.5 * |
(18.7–18.7) | (18.8–19.2) | (18.7–19.4) | (20.5–20.7) | (19.9–20.5) | (20.4–20.8) | (20.2–20.5) | (17.6–17.9) | (19.0–19.2) | (18.5–18.8) | |
RDW (%) | 12.1 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 12.9 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 12.0 * |
(11.7–12.3) | (11.4–11.5) | (11.9–12.4) | (12.8–13.4) | (13.3–13.9) | (12.9–13.4) | (13.2–13.6) | (11.4–12.0) | (12.0–12.5) | (11.7–12.3) | |
MPV (fL) | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 7.2 * | 7.5 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 8.0 |
(7.5–7.9) | (7.3–7.8) | (7.1–7.3) | (6.6–7.3) | (7.5–7.9) | (7.2–7.6) | (6.6–6.8) | (7.1–7.6) | (8.0–8.1) | (7.8–8.1) | |
PDW (%) | 15.5 | 15.4 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 15.1 | 15.4 |
(15.5–15.7) | (15.4–15.5) | (14.2–15.9) | (15.8–16.7) | (15.0–15.7) | (15.5–15.7) | (15.3–17.1) | (15.3–16.1) | (14.1–15.1) | (15.0–16.1) | |
LYM (%) | 39.9 | 47.7 * | 43.3 * | 39.7 | 40.9 | 38.6 | 45.3 | 44.6 | 34.5 | 24.5 * |
(39.7–42.6) | (46.0–50.7) | (32.4–43.9) | (38.7–41.5) | (37.7–45.1) | (36.6–39.2) | (37.0–46.8) | (40.2–46.4) | (32.7–35.3) | (19.7–29.4) | |
MON (%) | 7.9 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 11.9 | 6.3 | 5.6 |
(7.8–8.4) | (7.7–8.7) | (7.0–8.0) | (4.3–6.4) | (4.1–5.0) | (4.3–5.3) | (3.8–7.3) | (7.0–12.2) | (5.9–7.0) | (4.1–7.0) | |
GRA (%) | 51.8 | 45.9 * | 49.7 | 54.0 | 55.0 | 56.7 | 45.9 | 47.6 | 59.1 | 71.3 * |
(49.6–51.9) | (40.6–46.3) | (46.7–60.1) | (53.9–56.9) | (49.9–58.0) | (56.5–58.1) | (41.6–51.1) | (46.6–48.6) | (58.8–59.2) | (65.1–74.6) | |
LYM (109/L) | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.6 |
(1.5–1.9) | (2.4–3.0) | (1.9–2.5) | (3.2–3.8) | (1.8–3.1) | (1.7–2.5) | (1.9–2.3) | (2.0–2.5) | (1.5–1.9) | (1.5–1.8) | |
MON (109/L) | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
(0.3–0.3) | (0.4–0.5) | (0.3–0.5) | (0.3–0.4) | (0.2–0.2) | (0.2–0.3) | (0.1–0.3) | (0.3–0.7) | (0.3–0.4) | (0.2–0.4) | |
GRA (109/L) | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 5.7 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
(2.0–2.5) | (2.6–2.6) | (2.9–3.6) | (4.4–5.8) | (2.9–3.0) | (2.8–3.8) | (2.2–2.4) | (2.6–2.8) | (2.6–3.1) | (3.9–6.7) | |
Variable | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week | 5th Week | 6th Week | 7th Week | 8th Week | 9th Week | 10th Week |
FL Group | ||||||||||
WBC (109/L) | 5.5 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 9.6 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 6.9 |
(4.9–7.4) | (5.0–8.4) | (6.0–8.6) | (6.2–8.6) | (8.0–10.3) | (5.4–6.2) | (4.6–5.7) | (4.2–6.6) | (4.8–6.4) | (5.7–8.8) | |
RBC (1012/L) | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
(4.1–4.3) | (4.1–4.8) | (4.2–4.7) | (4.8–5.3) | (5.2–5.5) | (4.8–5.1) | (4.7–5.0) | (4.2–4.5) | (4.2–4.3) | (4.3–4.5) | |
Hb (mmol/L) | 7.5 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.5 |
(7.3–7.8) | (7.1–7.9) | (7.5–8.5) | (8.5–9.5) | (8.9–9.8) | (9.1–9.8) | (8.4–9.1) | (6.9–7.6) | (6.9–7.5) | (7.3–7.6) | |
HCT (%) | 38.9 | 39.7 | 42.0 | 43.7 | 47.5 | 44.8 | 43.3 | 40.2 | 39.6 | 40.5 |
(37.8–39.1) | (38.5–42.8) | (39.1–44.0) | (42.1–46.7) | (44.6–48.6) | (43.8–46.7) | (42.5–44.7) | (38.5–41.5) | (38.3–40.6) | (39.3–40.7) | |
PLT (109/L) | 174 | 230 | 308 | 291 | 326 | 242 | 227 | 267 | 233 | 230 |
(140–226) | (200–254) | (253–329) | (251–320) | (313–347) | (229–264) | (185–270) | (175–336) | (215–265) | (220–269) | |
PCT (10−2 L/L) | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
(0.11–0.17) | (0.15–0.19) | (0.20–0.23) | (0.19–0.25) | (0.22–0.25) | (0.15–0.18) | (0.13–0.18) | (0.13–0.23) | (0.17–0.23) | (0.18–0.21) | |
MCV (fL) | 91 | 90 | 92 | 88 | 89 | 91 | 90 | 92 | 92 | 90 |
(90.5–92.0) | (89–93) | (89–96) | (85–90) | (83–92) | (89–94) | (87–92) | (91–94) | (90–93) | (89–92) | |
MCH (fmol) | 1.79 | 1.68 | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.80 | 1.98 | 1.81 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 1.68 |
(1.72–1.85) | (1.64–1.74) | (1.74–1.85) | (1.73–1.83) | (1.63–1.88) | (1.9–10.2) | (1.73–1.87) | (1.66–1.69) | (1.63–1.72) | (1.66–1.73) | |
MCHC (mmol/L) | 19.5 | 18.5 | 19.4 | 20.3 | 20.1 | 20.9 | 20.0 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 18.5 |
(18.7–20.5) | (18.4–18.6) | (19.2–19.4) | (20.2–20.3) | (19.6–20.5) | (20.7–21.0) | (19.7–20.4) | (17.7–18.6) | (18.0–18.4) | (18.5–18.5) | |
RDW (%) | 12.9 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 12.0 |
(11.8–13.5) | (11.4–13.0) | (11.2–12.0) | (13.4–14.5) | (13.0–15.3) | (12.8–13.3) | (13.4–14.9) | (11.3–12.9) | (11.6–12.9) | (11.7–12.3) | |
MPV (fL) | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.5 | 8.0 |
(7.5–8.3) | (7.5–7.8) | (6.7–8.5) | (7.4–7.9) | (6.4–8.0) | (6.4–6.9) | (6.7–7.3) | (6.7–7.7) | (7.5–9.0) | (7.8–8.1) | |
PDW (%) | 15.3 | 15.4 | 15.2 | 17.2 | 16.1 | 16.5 | 16.1 | 14.5 | 15.7 | 15.4 |
(13.7–16.9) | (15.2–15.4) | (14.8–16.5) | (16.3–17.8) | (15.2–17.6) | (16.2–16.8) | (15.3–16.7) | (13.7–15.0) | (15.1–17.0) | (15.0–16.1) | |
LYM (%) | 45.2 | 31.9 | 41.5 | 45.7 | 40.2 | 32.3 | 35.3 | 44.0 | 41.2 | 24.5 |
(31.5–50.0) | (30.7–36.9) | (26.8–48.7) | (36.4–52.8) | (35.3–43.8) | (27.8–41.9) | (31.2–43.9) | (39.7–45.5) | (34.5–51.5) | (19.7–29.4) | |
MON (%) | 9.4 | 8.3 | 9.2 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 5.6 |
(6.9–11.4) | (7.3–9.7) | (6.3–12.5) | (4.4–5.3) | (4.6–5.4) | (3.2–7.3) | (3.8–4.8) | (6.2–13.0) | (6.8–13.7) | (4.1–7.0) | |
GRA (%) | 47.1 | 60.4 | 47.2 | 49.6 | 54.4 | 62.4 | 59.9 | 46.3 | 45.7 | 71.3 |
(40.5–59.5) | (53.6–61.7) | (39.4–66.2) | (42.6–58.0) | (51.0–59.8) | (50.8–69.0) | (51.9–64.1) | (42.7–52.8) | (35.5–57.8) | (65.1–74.6) | |
LYM (109/L) | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.6 |
(2.1–2.9) | (1.6–2.9) | (2.1–2.9) | (2.3–4.6) | (2.9–4.3) | (1.6–2.2) | (1.5–2.3) | (1.6–2.8) | (1.8–2.8) | (1.5–1.8) | |
MON (109/L) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
(0.5–0.8) | (0.3–0.7) | (0.4–0.7) | (0.2–0.3) | (0.3–0.4) | (0.1–03) | (0.1–0.2) | (0.2–0.6) | (0.3–0.7) | (0.2–0.4) | |
GRA (109/L) | 2.3 | 4.1 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 5.0 |
(2.1–4.2) | (3.1–4.8) | (2.5–6.0) | (3.5–3.8) | (4.4–5.9) | (3.0–4.3) | (2.6–3.6) | (2.1–3.3) | (1.8–3.8) | (3.9–6.7) |
Variable | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week | 5th Week | 6th Week | 7th Week | 8th Week | 9th Week | 10th Week |
MS Group | ||||||||||
WBC (109/L) | 6.1 | 5.3 | 9.3 * | 12.5 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 7.5 |
(5.1–6.4) | (4.4–6.6) | (7.6–10.4) | (10.2–13.9) | (4.4–7.5) | (4.2–5.2) | (5.0–6.1) | (5.1–7.9) | (4.6–7.2) | (5.8–8.1) | |
RBC (1012/L) | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 ** | 4.8 ** | 4.6 | 4.4 * | 4.9 | 5.0 |
(5.0–5.3) | (4.7–5.3) | (4.1–4.4) | (4.4–4.5) | (4.3–4.7) | (4.7–4.9) | (4.6–5.0) | (4.2–4.8) | (4.8–5.0) | (4.8–5.1) | |
Hb (mmol/L) | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 9.5 * | 9.5 |
(8.8–9.2) | (8.3–9.3) | (8.3–8.6) | (8.5–8.8) | (8.0–8.1) | (8.5–8.7) | (8.2–8.6) | (8.0–8.8) | (9.5–9.8) | (9.5–9.7) | |
HCT (%) | 47.9 | 45.1 | 39.6 | 40.1 | 43.7 * | 45.3 * | 43.9 | 40.7 ** | 45.1 * | 45.3 |
(46.1–49.4) | (43.7–47.3) | (39.4–40.4) | (39.5–41.7) | (38.2–44.2) | (44.3–45.5) | (43.3–45.2) | (40.1–43.2) | (44.9–46.4) | (44.5–46.2) | |
PLT (109/L) | 224 | 226 | 245 | 276 | 218 | 274 * | 229 | 280 | 213 | 281 * |
(208–244) | (202–270) | (224–284) | (250–301) | (205–285) | (242–282) | (223–248) | (225–286) | (187–237) | (263–287) | |
PCT (10−2 L/L) | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.20 ** | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
(0.14–0.20) | (0.15–0.20) | (0.17–0.21) | (0.18–0.22) | (0.15–0.23) | (0.19–0.21) | (0.17–019) | (0.17–0.22) | (0.15–0.17) | (0.17–0.22) | |
MCV (fL) | 91 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 92 | 91 | 92 |
(90–95) | (92–93) | (89–93) | (90–95) | (88–94) | (93–93) | (90–95) | (90–94) | (91–92) | (90–93) | |
MCH (fmol) | 1.72 | 1.78 | 1.96 | 1.96 | 1.76 * | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.79 | 1.95 | 1.95 |
(1.66–1.74) | (1.77–1.80) | (1.93–2.03) | (1.92–2.02) | (1.72–1.93) | (1.78–1.82) | (1.72–1.78) | (1.75–1.99) | (1.92–1.97) | (1.91–1.98) | |
MCHC (mmol/L) | 18.4 | 19.3 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 18.3 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 19.2 * | 21.2 | 21.1 |
(18.3–18.8) | (19.2–19.5) | (21.1–21.5) | (21.1–21.5) | (18.2–21.6) | (19.1–19.3) | (18.8–19.1) | (18.9–21.7) | (21.1–21.4) | (21.0–21.2) | |
RDW (%) | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 13.0 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.5 |
(12.0–12.4) | (12.1–12.3) | (12.1–13.4) | (12.2–12.9) | (11.8–12.6) | (12.8–13.6) | (12.0–12.6) | (12.1–12.5) | (12.2–12.5) | (12.2–12.9) | |
MPV (fL) | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.0 |
(6.9–7.8) | (7.1–7.6) | (7.2–7.6) | (7.1–7.9) | (6.6–7.6) | (7.3–7.5) | (7.0–8.0) | (7.1–7.7) | (6.7–7.6) | (6.6–7.5) | |
PDW (%) | 15.1 | 14.8 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 14.3 | 15.5 | 14.8 | 16.5 | 16.8 | 17.2 |
(14.4–16.0) | (14.3–15.1) | (16.4–17.9) | (16.5–17.2) | (14.1–16.5) | (14.9–16.5) | (14.5–15.2) | (15.4–18.2) | (16.2–17.3) | (16.5–17.5) | |
LYM (%) | 38.8 | 44.0 | 31.7 | 39.2 | 45.3 | 44.4 | 40.5 | 47.5 * | 23.7 | 31.5 |
(36.9–43.0) | (42.6–48.9) | (26.5–33.3) | (34.6–42.0) | (40.6–45.8) | (41.8–48.0) | (36.7–40.9) | (44.3–54.6) | (19.8–30.3) | (25.1–37.5) | |
MON (%) | 7.0 * | 9.0 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 5.4 | 13.6 | 14.8 |
(6.3–7.7) | (7.0–10.1) | (3.5–4.8) | (4.3–5.1) | (4.7–8.5) | (6.4–7.6) | (6.4–8.4) | (4.9–6.7) | (12.0–15.7) | (13.1–16.5) | |
GRA (%) | 52.8 | 47.0 | 64.1 | 57.3 | 49.7 * | 50.0 | 51.7 | 47.8 | 65.1 | 55.4 |
(50.0–55.2) | (41.2–49.6) | (62.7–69.7) | (52.6–63.4) | (46.6–51.1) | (45.2–50.4) | (50.4–55.5) | (40.1–48.5) | (52.7–66.0) | (46.0–58.4) | |
LYM (109/L) | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 3.4 * | 1.5 * | 2.5 |
(1.8–2.5) | (1.8–2.9) | (2.3–2.9) | (3.9–5.0) | (2.1–3.4) | (1.5–2.4) | (2.0–2.3) | (2.4–4.2) | (1.3–1.7) | (1.9–3.4) | |
MON (109/L) | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
(0.3–0.4) | (0.3–0.5) | (0.2–0.4) | (0.4–0.7) | (0.3–0.3) | (0.2–0.3) | (0.3–0.4) | (0.3–0.4) | (0.7–0.8) | (0.9–1.2) | |
GRA (109/L) | 3.2 | 2.5 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 3.0 * | 2.3 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.9 |
(2.9–3.5) | (2.1–2.9) | (4.7–6.7) | (5.9–8.5) | (2.3–3.8) | (1.9–2.8) | (2.6–3.5) | (2.6–3.1) | (2.8–5.3) | (2.9–4.6) | |
Variable | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week | 5th Week | 6th Week | 7th Week | 8th Week | 9th Week | 10th Week |
ML Group | ||||||||||
WBC (109/L) | 5.2 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 11.3 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 5.7 |
(4.9–5.9) | (5.3–6.6) | (5.8–7.3) | (7.2–12.4) | (6.6–9.0) | (4.5–5.9) | (5.7 -6.6) | (4.8–5.3) | (5.6–7.4) | (5.5–6.4) | |
RBC (1012/L) | 4.9 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 5.0 |
(4.7–5.0) | (4.9–5.3) | (4.2–4.4) | (4.3–4.6) | (4.0–4.2) | (5.1–5.3) | (4.6–5.4) | (4.8–5.2) | (4.5–5.0) | (4.9–5.2) | |
Hb (mmol/L) | 8.7 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 9.9 |
(8.5–8.8) | (8.6–9.4) | (8.1–8.8) | (8.3–9.0) | (8.0–8.6) | (8.5–9.2) | (8.5–8.8) | (8.6–8.9) | (8.6–9.4) | (9.3–10.1) | |
HCT (%) | 45.3 | 47.4 | 39.4 | 40.2 | 38.2 | 46.7 | 44.9 | 47.7 | 43.9 | 46.6 |
(42.3–46.1) | (44.3–48.5) | (38.9–40.3) | (39.6–42.3) | (36.9–39.6) | (46.2–48.4) | (44.3–47.0) | (46.3–47.9) | (40.0–44.4) | (44.9–47.5) | |
PLT (109/L) | 251 | 252 | 238 | 321 | 260 | 218 | 214 | 231 | 229 | 199 |
(195–257) | (214–287) | (228–274) | (285–373) | (233–303) | (169–231) | (209–254) | (221–291) | (214–240) | (177–255) | |
PCT (10−2 L/L) | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.16 |
(0.14–0.21) | (0.15–0.20) | (0.16–0.21) | (0.21–0.29) | (0.17–0.21) | (0.13–0.17) | (0.16–0.18) | (0.17–0.21) | (0.15–017) | (0.13–0.18) | |
MCV (fL) | 93 | 91 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 92 | 91 |
(90–94) | (89–93) | (90–95) | (91–96) | (92–95) | (88–92) | (91–94) | (91–95) | (88–93) | (91–93) | |
MCH (fmol) | 1.77 | 1.78 | 1.93 | 1.97 | 2.02 | 1.71 | 1.73 | 1.72 | 1.95 | 1.94 |
(1.73–1.80) | (1.70–1.80) | (1.90–2.01) | (1.88–2.04) | (1.95–2.05) | (1.64–1.78) | (1.67–1.84) | (1.69–1.77) | (1.81–1.97) | (1.89–1.97) | |
MCHC (mmol/L) | 18.8 | 19.4 | 21.1 | 20.9 | 21.5 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 18.6 | 21.3 | 21.2 |
(18.6–20.2) | (19.2–19.6) | (20.9–21.3) | (20.8–21.2) | (21.3–21.7) | (18.3–18.8) | (18.7–19.6) | (18.5–18.7) | (21.0–21.3) | (21.0–21.4) | |
RDW (%) | 12.6 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 12.5 | 12.8 | 12.1 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 12.5 |
(12.1–13.2) | (11.8–12.3) | (12.0–12.5) | (12.2–12.8) | (12.1–12.6) | (12.3–13.3) | (12.0–12.7) | (12.2–13.3) | (12.3–13.2) | (12.2–12.6) | |
MPV (fL) | 7.5 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 7.6 |
(7.2–8.0) | (6.8–7.3) | (6.6–8.1) | (6.7–7.9) | (6.8–7.5) | (7.0–8.0) | (7.3–8.4) | (7.4–7.6) | (7.1–7.6) | (7.2–8.1) | |
PDW (%) | 15.0 | 12.7 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 16.4 | 15.7 | 15.0 | 15.5 | 17.0 | 16.4 |
(14.7–15.8) | (13.7–15.1) | (16.2–17.7) | (16.1–17.0) | (15.7–16.9) | (13.7–15.9) | (14.6–15.5) | (15.2–16.0) | (15.6–17.2) | (15.8–16.8) | |
LYM (%) | 43.0 | 46.6 | 39.1 | 38.5 | 39.0 | 42.7 | 35.8 | 40.9 | 32.5 | 30.3 |
(36.8–45.3) | (40.1–52.3) | (33.2–41.0) | (32.3–50.7) | (34.6–44.1) | (38.5–49.0) | (32.8–39.0) | (34.4–45.6) | (23.6–41.1) | (24.9–31.7) | |
MON (%) | 10.5 | 9.9 | 4.2 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 8.2 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 11.1 | 16.7 |
(8.4–10.9) | (8.6–11.0) | (4.1–4.3) | (4.4–5.2) | (3.9–5.1) | (5.3–8.9) | (5.5–7.3) | (5.5–7.1) | (5.7–13.6) | (15.0–19.0) | |
GRA (%) | 46.2 | 43.7 | 56.8 | 56.4 | 56.1 | 49.1 | 58.6 | 50.3 | 56.1 | 51.4 |
(43.8–54.8) | (39.1–49.3) | (51.7–62.3) | (44.2–63.3) | (51.4–61.7) | (42.1–55.2) | (52.8–60.4) | (48.9–60.5) | (51.9–63.6) | (48.0–61.5) | |
LYM (109/L) | 2.0 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
(1.8–2.3) | (2.4–3.2) | (1.90–2.80) | (3.5–53) | (2.4–3.0) | (1.7–2.6) | (1.7–2.5) | (1.5–2.4) | (1.7–2.3) | (1.4–1.7) | |
MON (109/L) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 |
(0.4–0.6) | (0.4–0.7) | (0.2–0.3) | (0.3–0.6) | (0.2–0.3) | (0.2–0.4) | (0.3–04) | (0.2–0.3) | (0.4–0.7) | (0.8–1.0) | |
GRA (109/L) | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
(2.4–3.3) | (1.9–3.5) | (3.2–5.4) | (4.6–7.1) | (3.5–5.7) | (2.3–2.9) | (3.4–3.8) | (2.5–2.9) | (2.9–4.5) | (2.7–3.9) |
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Nowak, R.; Rój, K.; Ciechanowicz, A.; Lewandowska, K.; Kostrzewa-Nowak, D. Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148580
Nowak R, Rój K, Ciechanowicz A, Lewandowska K, Kostrzewa-Nowak D. Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148580
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowak, Robert, Konrad Rój, Andrzej Ciechanowicz, Klaudyna Lewandowska, and Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak. 2022. "Capillary Blood Recovery Variables in Young Swimmers: An Observational Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148580