Prevalence of Health-Risk Behaviors and Mental Well-Being of ASEAN University Students in COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Participants and Recruitment
2.3. Measures/Instruments
2.3.1. Online Survey
2.3.2. Demographics
2.3.3. Health-Risk Behaviors
2.3.4. Mental Well-Being
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Weighted | 95%CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | Lower | Upper | |
Age in years, mean (SD) | 20.0 | 1.9 | 19.5 | 20.4 |
18 | 2496 | 18.4 | 17.7 | 19.8 |
19 to 21 | 9016 | 66.3 | 65.9 | 67.5 |
>22 | 2085 | 15.3 | 14.0 | 16.1 |
Gender | ||||
Female | 8077 | 52.6 | 51.78 | 53.4 |
Male | 7289 | 47.4 | 46.6 | 48.2 |
BMI | ||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 2917 | 21.3 | 19.5 | 23.0 |
Normal (18.5–22.9) | 8441 | 61.5 | 58.0 | 65.0 |
Overweight (23.0–24.9) | 1739 | 12.7 | 10.3 | 15.0 |
Obese (≥25) | 624 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 7.0 |
Country | ||||
Vietnam | 5106 | 33.3 | 32.5 | 34.0 |
Indonesia | 4430 | 28.8 | 28.1 | 3.0 |
Thailand | 3940 | 25.6 | 25.0 | 26.0 |
Brunei Darussalam | 1020 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.0 |
Philippines | 322 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 |
Malaysia | 289 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.0 |
Singapore | 259 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Academic year | ||||
1st | 9940 | 64.7 | 63.9 | 65.0 |
2nd | 2895 | 18.8 | 18.2 | 19.0 |
3rd | 1800 | 11.7 | 11.2 | 12.0 |
4th or more | 731 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 5.1 |
GPA (1 to 5) | ||||
≤3.2 | 2443 | 20.1 | 19.5 | 21.0 |
3.2 to 3.9 | 8406 | 69.2 | 68.1 | 70.5 |
>3.9 | 1302 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 11.3 |
Living arrangement | ||||
Off-campus | 10,021 | 65.2 | 64.5 | 66.0 |
On-campus | 5345 | 34.8 | 34.0 | 36.0 |
Weighted | 95%CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | Lower | Upper | |
Physical activity | ||||
Sufficient (≥600 MET-min/week) | 9269 | 60.3 | 59.5 | 61.1 |
Insufficient (<600 MET-min/week) | 6097 | 39.7 | 38.9 | 40.5 |
Mental well-being | ||||
Low (7–17.99) | 2559 | 16.7 | 16.1 | 17.3 |
Moderate (18–24.99) | 9991 | 65.0 | 64.3 | 65.8 |
High (25.0–35.0) | 2816 | 18.3 | 17.7 | 18.9 |
Overall score (7.0–35.0), mean (SD) | 21.5 | 3.8 | 21.5 | 21.6 |
Smoking | ||||
Current smokers | 1365 | 8.9 | 8.4 | 9.3 |
Not current smokers | 14,001 | 91.1 | 90.7 | 91.6 |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
Daily | 2052 | 13.4 | 12.8 | 13.9 |
Not daily | 13,314 | 86.4 | 86.1 | 97.2 |
Fruits and vegetables | ||||
Sufficient (≥5 servings/day) | 7339 | 47.8 | 47.0 | 48.6 |
Insufficient (<5 servings/day) | 8027 | 52.2 | 51.5 | 53.0 |
Snacks/fast food | ||||
Daily | 10,019 | 65.2 | 64.4 | 66.0 |
Not daily | 5347 | 34.8 | 34.0 | 35.6 |
Salt intake | ||||
Not excessive (≤5 g/day) | 7061 | 46.0 | 45.2 | 46.7 |
Excessive (>5 g/day) | 8305 | 54.0 | 53.3 | 54.8 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | ||||
Daily | 12,598 | 82.0 | 81.4 | 82.6 |
Not daily | 2768 | 18.0 | 17.4 | 18.6 |
<600 MET | Negative MW | Smoker | Alcohol Drinker | Poor Diet | Snacking/ Fast Food | High Salt | SSB | HRB a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 3057 (41.9) | 1190 (16.3) | 716 (9.8) | 881 (12.1) | 3979 (54.6) | 4724 (64.8) | 3998 (54.9) | 5836 (80.1) | 3.3 (1.3) |
Female | 3040 (37.6) | 1369 (17.0) | 649 (8.0) | 1171 (14.5) | 4048 (50.1) | 5295 (65.6) | 4307 (53.3) | 6762 (83.7) | 3.3 (1.3) |
Age in years | |||||||||
18 | 1124 (45.0) | 404 (16.2) | 193 (7.7) | 162 (6.5) | 1394 (55.9) | 1644 (65.9) | 1352 (54.2) | 1989 (79.7) | 3.3 (1.3) |
19 to 21 | 3602 (40.0) | 1462 (16.2) | 796 (8.8) | 1196 (13.3) | 4644 (51.5) | 5516 (61.2) | 4835 (53.6) | 7457 (82.7) | 3.3 (1.3) |
>22 | 754 (36.2) | 357 (17.1) | 211 (10.1) | 361 (17.3) | 1103 (52.9) | 1300 (62.4) | 1138 (54.6) | 1755 (84.2) | 3.3 (1.4) |
Country | |||||||||
Vietnam | 1747 (34.2) | 860 (16.9) | 294 (5.8) | 724 (14.2) | 2348 (46.0) | 1891 (37.0) | 2902 (56.8) | 4278 (83.8) | 2.9 (1.3) |
Indonesia | 2437 (55.0) | 654 (14.8) | 440 (9.9) | 166 (3.8) | 2728 (61.6) | 3473 (78.4) | 2281 (51.5) | 3486 (78.7) | 3.5 (1.2) |
Thailand | 1115 (28.3) | 562 (14.3) | 406 (10.3) | 996 (25.3) | 1701 (43.2) | 3069 (77.9) | 2061 (52.3) | 3378 (85.7) | 3.4 (1.3) |
Brunei Darussalam | 437 (42.8) | 306 (30.0) | 136 (13.3) | 35 (3.4) | 682 (66.9) | 257 (79.8) | 549 (53.8) | 833 (81.7) | 3.8 (1.2) |
Philippines | 118 (36.7) | 83 (25.5) | 50 (15.5) | 71 (22.1) | 225 (69.9) | 257 (79.8) | 168 (52.2) | 216 (67.1) | 3.7 (1.5) |
Malaysia | 115 (40.0) | 43 (14.9) | 14 (4.8) | 9 (3.1) | 174 (60.2) | 195 (79.8) | 172 (59.5) | 602 (69.9) | 3.2 (1.3) |
Singapore | 128 (49.4) | 52 (20.1) | 25 (9.7) | 51 (19.7) | 169 (65.3) | 219 (84.6) | 172 (66.4) | 205 (79.2) | 3.9 (1.3) |
Academic year | |||||||||
1st | 4081 (41.1) | 1609 (16.2) | 861 (8.7) | 1154 (11.6) | 5170 (52.0) | 6523 (65.6) | 5402 (54.4) | 8106 (81.6) | 3.3 (1.3 |
2nd | 1115 (38.5) | 527 (18.2) | 285 (9.8) | 497 (17.2) | 1511 (52.2) | 1869 (64.6) | 1559 (53.9) | 2416 (83.5) | 3.4 (1.3) |
3rd | 624 (34.7) | 296 (16.4) | 156 (8.7) | 304 (16.9) | 914 (50.8) | 1089 (60.5) | 959 (53.3) | 1492 (82.9) | 3.2 (1.3) |
4th or more | 277 (37.9) | 127 (17.4) | 63 (8.6) | 97 (13.3) | 432 (59.1) | 538 (73.6) | 385 (52.7) | 584 (79.9) | 3.4 (1.4) |
GPA | |||||||||
≤3.2 | 902 (36.9) | 405 (16.6) | 240 (9.8) | 472 (19.3) | 1198 (49.0) | 1478 (60.5) | 1349 (55.2) | 2048 (83.8) | 3.3 (1.4) |
3.2 to 3.9 | 3569 (42.5) | 1302 (15.5) | 738 (8.8) | 918 (10.9) | 4522 (53.8) | 5555 (66.1) | 4504 (53.6) | 6877 (81.8) | 3.3 (1.3) |
>3.9 | 445 (34.2) | 214 (16.4) | 92 (7.1) | 196 (15.1) | 646 (49.6) | 654 (50.2) | 727 (55.8) | 1070 (82.2) | 3.1 (1.4) |
BMI | |||||||||
Normal | 3313 (39.3) | 1300 (15.4) | 720 (8.5) | 1097 (13.0) | 4426 (52.4) | 5166 (61.2) | 4506 (53.4) | 6888 (81.6) | 3.2 (1.3) |
Underweight | 1286 (44.0) | 498 (17.1) | 169 (5.8) | 307 (10.5) | 1570 (53.8) | 1749 (60.0) | 1526 (52.3) | 2468 (84.6) | 3.3 (1.3) |
Overweight | 640 (36.4) | (308 (17.7) | 230 (13.2) | 249 (14.3) | 846 (48.7) | 1190 (68.4) | 1025 (58.9) | 1419 (81.6) | 3.4 (1.3) |
Obese | 277 (44.6) | 133 (21.3) | 93 (14.9) | 82 (13.1) | 347 (55.6) | 438 (70.2) | 351 (56.3) | 541 (85.7) | 3.6 (1.3) |
Living arrangement | |||||||||
On-campus | 1647 (30.8) | 795 (14.9) | 503 (9,4) | 1120 (21.0) | 2641 (46.0) | 3667 (68.6) | 2806 (52.5) | 4521 (84.6) | 3.3 (1.3) |
Off-campus | 4450 (44.4) | 1764 (17.6) | 862 (8.6) | 932 (9.3) | 5566 (55.5) | 6352 (63.4) | 5499 (54.9) | 8077 (80.6) | 3.3 (1.3) |
Physical Inactivity (<600 MET) | Negative Mental Well-Being | Smoker | Alcohol Drinker | Poor Diet | Snacking/ Fast Food | High Salt | SSB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | ||||||||
≤18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
19 to 21 | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.36) | 2.20 (1.86, 2.62) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.36) |
>22 | 0.69 (0.61, 0.78) | 1.21 (1.03, 1.42) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.65) | 3.02 (2.74, 4.08) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.00) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.97) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 1.35 (1.16, 1.58) |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 0.84 (0.78, 0.89) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.90) | 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.89) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 1.28 (1.17, 1.39) |
BMI | ||||||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Underweight | 1.22 (1.12, 1.33) | 1.13 (1.01, 1.27) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.78) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.90) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) | 1.23 (1.10, 1.39) |
Overweight | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 1.18 (1.03, 1.35) | 1.63 (1.39, 1.91) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.29) | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) | 1.37 (1.23, 1.53) | 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) |
Obese | 1.24 (1.05, 1.46) | 1.49 (1.21, 1.81) | 1.88 (1.48, 2.36) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) | 1.49 (1.25, 1.79) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) | 1.46 (1.16, 1.87) |
Country | ||||||||
Brunei Darussalam | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Indonesia | 1.63 (1.42, 1.87) | 0.40 (0.35, 0.47) | 0.72 (0.59, 0.88) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.61) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.92) | 0.42 (0.33, 0.51) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) |
Malaysia | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 0.41 (0.28, 0.57) | 0.33 (0.18, 0.56) | 0.90 (0.40, 1.82) | 0.75 (0.57, 0.98) | 0.24 (0.17, 0.32) | 1.26 (0.96, 1.64) | 0.52 (0.38, 0.70) |
Philippines | 0.77 (0.59, 1.00) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.06) | 1.19 (0.83, 1.69) | 7.96 (5.23, 12.33) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.51) | 0.45 (0.32, 0.64) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.20) | 0.45 (0.34, 0.60) |
Singapore | 1.30 (1.00, 1.71) | 0.59 (0.42, 0.81) | 0.69 (0.43, 1.69) | 6.90 (4.39, 11.00) | 0.93 (0.70, 1.24) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.94) | 1.69 (1.28, 2.26) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.20) |
Thailand | 0.52 (0.46, 0.61) | 0.39 (0.33, 0.46) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) | 9.52 (6.85, 13.69) | 0.38 (0.33, 0.43) | 0.40 (0.32, 0.50) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.61) |
Vietnam | 0.69 (0.61, 0.79) | 0.47 (0.41, 0.55) | 0.40 (0.32, 0.49) | 4.65 (3.34, 6.69) | 0.42 (0.37, 0.49) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.08) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.29) | 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) |
Academic year | ||||||||
1st | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2nd | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) | 1.15 (1.03, 1.28) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) | 1.58 (1.41, 1.77) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.27) |
3rd | 0.76 (0.69, 0.85) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.19) | 1.55 (1.34, 1.77) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.25) |
4th or more | 0.88 (0.75, 1.02) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.29) | 1.16 (0.93, 1.45) | 1.33 (1.15, 1.56) | 1.46 (1.12, 1.73) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) |
GPA | ||||||||
≤3.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3.2 to 3.9 | 1.26 (1.15, 1.38) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) | 1.21 (1.11, 1.32) | 1.27 (1.16, 1.40) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) |
>3.9 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.29) | 0.70 (0.54, 0.89) | 0.74 (0.62, 0.89) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.65 (0.58, 0.75) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.06) |
Living arrangement | ||||||||
On-campus | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Off-campus | 1.79 (1.67, 1.92) | 1.22 (1.12, 1.34) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.02) | 0.38 (0.35, 0.43) | 1.46 (1.37, 1.56) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.85) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.17) | 0.75 (0.69, 0.82) |
Physical Inactivity (<600 MET) | Negative Mental Well-Being | Smoker | Alcohol Drinker | Poor Diet | Snacking/ Fast Food | High Salt | SSB | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | ||||||||
≤18 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | - |
19 to 21 | - | - | - | 1.39 (1.16, 1.68) | - | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) | - | - |
>22 | - | - | - | 1.60 (1.29, 2.00) | - | 0.83 (0.72, 0.97) | - | - |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 |
Female | - | - | - | - | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | - | - | 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) |
BMI | ||||||||
Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Underweight | 1.25 (1.14, 1.36) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.28) | 0.66 (0.56, 0.78) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | - | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) | 1.22 (1.09, 1.37) |
Overweight | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 1.52 (1.29, 1.78) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.33) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | - | 1.27 (1.14, 1.41) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.16) |
Obese | 1.25 (1.03, 1.45) | 1.37 (1.12, 1.68) | 1.58 (1.23, 1.99) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) | - | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 1.49 (1.17, 1.91) |
Country | ||||||||
Brunei Darussalam | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Indonesia | 1.65 (1.43, 1.92) | 0.40 (0.34, 0.47) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.69, 1.49) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.51) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.82 (0.68, 0.98) |
Malaysia | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.36 (0.24, 0.54) | 0.36 (0.19, 0.63) | 1.14 (0.48, 2.41) | 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) | 0.22 (0.15, 0.31) | 1.70 (1.25, 2.31) | 0.51 (0.37, 0.69) |
Philippines | 0.75 (0.57, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.17) | 1.30 (0.88, 1.89) | 7.37 (4.73, 11.65) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.47) | 0.50 (0.35, 0.72) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.36) | 0.43 (0.32, 0.59) |
Singapore | 1.85 (1.34, 2.55) | 0.73 (0.50, 1.06) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.15) | 8.15 (5.03, 13.31) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.32) | 0.50 (0.34, 0.77) | 1.98 (1.42, 2.78) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.33) |
Thailand | 0.68 (0.56, 0.82) | 0.36 (0.30, 0.42) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 8.84 (6.30, 12.81) | 0.38 (0.32, 0.44) | 0.40 (0.31, 0.52) | 1.19 (0.99, 1.43) | 1.40 (1.14, 1.70) |
Vietnam | 0.73 (0.63, 0.84) | 0.48 (0.41, 0.56) | 0.41 (0.33, 0.52) | 4.43 (3.16, 6.42) | 0.41 (0.35, 0.47) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) | 1.18 (0.97, 1.42) |
Academic year | ||||||||
1st | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
2nd | - | - | - | - | 1.17 (1.06, 1.28) | - | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | - |
3rd | - | - | - | - | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | - | 0.87 (0.77, 0.97) | - |
4th or more | - | - | - | - | 1.30 (1.07, 1.58) | - | 0.81 (0.67, 0.98) | - |
GPA | ||||||||
≤3.2 | - | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | - | - |
3.2 to 3.9 | - | - | - | 0.75 (0.66, 0.86) | - | - | - | - |
>3.9 | - | - | - | 0.69 (0.56, 0.84) | - | - | - | - |
Living arrangement | ||||||||
On-campus | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | - |
Off-campus | 1.28 (1.13, 1.46) | - | - | - | - | - | 1.26 (1.11, 1.42) | - |
H-L Goodness-of-fit test | ||||||||
χ2 (df) | 8.66 (8) | 0.862 (8) | 2.14 (8) | 7.08 (8) | 2.34 (8) | 6.14 (8) | 8.51 (8) | 11.00 (8) |
p-value | 0.371 | 0.999 | 0.976 | 0.528 | 0.968 | 0.632 | 0.386 | 0.202 |
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Rahman, H.A.; Amornsriwatanakul, A.; Abdul-Mumin, K.H.; Agustiningsih, D.; Chaiyasong, S.; Chia, M.; Chupradit, S.; Huy, L.Q.; Ivanovitch, K.; Nurmala, I.; et al. Prevalence of Health-Risk Behaviors and Mental Well-Being of ASEAN University Students in COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148528
Rahman HA, Amornsriwatanakul A, Abdul-Mumin KH, Agustiningsih D, Chaiyasong S, Chia M, Chupradit S, Huy LQ, Ivanovitch K, Nurmala I, et al. Prevalence of Health-Risk Behaviors and Mental Well-Being of ASEAN University Students in COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148528
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Hanif Abdul, Areekul Amornsriwatanakul, Khadizah H. Abdul-Mumin, Denny Agustiningsih, Surasak Chaiyasong, Michael Chia, Supat Chupradit, Le Quang Huy, Katiya Ivanovitch, Ira Nurmala, and et al. 2022. "Prevalence of Health-Risk Behaviors and Mental Well-Being of ASEAN University Students in COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148528