Food Acquisition during the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Associations with the Physical–Digital Integrated Community Food Environment: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Characteristics of the CFE in Chinese Cities
4. Methodology
4.1. Study Area and Data Collection
4.2. Methodology and Hypothesis
5. Results
5.1. Descriptive Analysis
5.2. Statistical Analysis
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Outlet | In-Store | Online | Delivery Time |
---|---|---|---|
Restaurant/bakery/beverage store | Yes | Partly yes | 0.5–1 h |
Supermarket | Yes | Mostly yes | 0.5–1 h |
Farmer’s market | Yes | No | - |
Convenience/grocery store | Yes | Partly yes | 0.5–1 h |
Online-offline integrated (OOI) store | Yes | Yes | 0.5–1 h |
Warehouse based shopping (WBS) app | No | Yes | 0.5–1 h |
Traditional online shopping (TOS) website | No | Yes | Several days |
Most frequent food access | |
Least frequent food access | |
Food shopping access | |
Frequency of eating out per week | |
Frequency of ordering in per week | |
Frequency of food shopping per week | |
Food Outlet | Avg. | Max. | Min. | Std. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical CFE (1 km Buffer) | (1) Restaurant/bakery/beverage store | 258.94 | 1647 | 0 | 300.04 |
(2) Supermarket | 1.99 | 13 | 0 | 2.41 | |
(3) Farmer’s market | 10.14 | 39 | 0 | 8.23 | |
(4) Convenience/grocery store | 49.12 | 193 | 0 | 40.83 | |
Digital CFE (3 km Buffer) | (5) Online-offline integrated (OOI) store | 1.13 | 7 | 0 | 1.79 |
(6) Warehouse based shopping (WBS) app | 1.71 | 8 | 0 | 1.68 | |
(7) Restaurant etc. with delivery service | 764.43 | 2911 | 0 | 731.62 | |
(8) Convenience/grocery store with delivery service | 309.47 | 959 | 0 | 249 |
Statement in the Questionnaire | Component 1 | Component 2 | Component 3 | Component 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Food price online increased dramatically | 0.862 | 0.137 | 0.043 | 0.126 |
Food price in the supermarket, farmer’s market increased dramatically | 0.809 | 0.220 | 0.036 | −0.007 |
Order-in price increased dramatically | 0.778 | 0.127 | 0.029 | 0.134 |
Food options online decreased dramatically | 0.190 | 0.734 | 0.003 | 0.173 |
Food options for order-in decreased dramatically | 0.041 | 0.677 | 0.075 | 0.170 |
Food options in the supermarket, farmer’s market decreased dramatically | 0.275 | 0.656 | 0.085 | 0.028 |
Going out for shopping or eating increased the chance of infection | −0.030 | 0.046 | 0.718 | 0.162 |
My community had strict restrictions on entering or going out | −0.060 | 0.066 | 0.704 | −0.006 |
My family had a healthier diet | 0.097 | −0.250 | 0.535 | 0.268 |
The pandemic brought much trouble on diet for my family | 0.111 | 0.348 | 0.491 | −0.095 |
Going out for food shopping was not as convenient as before | 0.196 | 0.353 | 0.449 | 0.111 |
Online food shopping was not as convenient as before | 0.026 | 0.260 | −0.016 | 0.781 |
Food delivery or ordering-in increased the chance of infection | 0.135 | −0.076 | 0.317 | 0.636 |
Ordering-in was not as convenient as before | 0.140 | 0.414 | 0.068 | 0.600 |
Mode | Restaurant/Bakery/Beverage Store | Supermarket | Farmer’s Market | Convenience/Grocery Store | OOI Store | WBS App Warehouse | Restaurant etc. with Delivery Service | Convenience/Grocery Store (Online) | Accessibility |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walk-during | 0.106 ** | 0.126 *** | 0.085 * | 0.126 *** | 0.140 *** | 0.143 *** | 0.085 * | 0.145 *** | −0.105 ** |
Drive-during | −0.161 *** | −0.122 *** | −0.096 ** | −0.161 *** | −0.136 *** | −0.137 *** | −0.079 * | −0.115 ** | 0.195 *** |
Walk-before | 0.062 | 0.158 *** | 0.033 | 0.112 ** | 0.100 ** | 0.123 *** | 0.104 ** | 0.089 ** | - |
Drive-before | −0.112 ** | −0.105 ** | −0.070 | −0.112 ** | −0.081 * | −0.103 ** | −0.088 * | −0.078 * | - |
Family income | 0.025 | 0.086 ** | 0.013 | 0.066 | 0.085 ** | 0.104 ** | 0.103 ** | 0.081 * | - |
Dependent Variable | Online | In-Store | Ordering In | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variable | OR (SE) | OR (SE) | OR (SE) | |
Food acquisition before the pandemic | Online shopping (0: no; 1: yes) | 11.282 (0.280) *** | ||
In-store shopping (0: no; 1: yes) | 10.651 (0.312) *** | |||
Eating out (0: no; 1: yes) | ||||
Ordering in (0: no; 1: yes) | 20.870 (0.329) *** | |||
Food acquisition during the pandemic | Online shopping (0: no; 1: yes) | 0.349 (0.208) *** | ||
In-store shopping (0: no; 1: yes) | 0.451 (0.217) *** | |||
Eating out (0: no; 1: yes) | 1.696 (0.307) * | 2.195 (0.308) ** | ||
Ordering in (0: no; 1: yes) | 1.752 (0.231) ** | |||
Physical CFE density | Restaurant/bakery/drinks store | |||
Supermarket | 1.120 (0.045) ** | |||
Farmer’s market | ||||
Convenience/grocery store | ||||
Digital CFE density | OOI store | 1.090 (0.057) * | ||
WBS app warehouse | ||||
Restaurant etc. with delivery service | ||||
Convenience/grocery store (online) | 1.01 (0.006) * | |||
Perception about CFE during the pandemic | Food affordability | |||
Food availability | 1.78 (0.235) ** | |||
In-store food accessibility and safety | 0.811 (0.123) * | |||
Online food accessibility and safety | 0.571 (0.223) ** | 0.461 (0.249) *** | ||
Personal attribute | Age (ordered) | 0.744 (0.156) *** | ||
Family size | 1.378 (0.156) ** | |||
Income (ordered) | 1.544 (0.102) *** | 1.229 (0.107) * | ||
Housing tenure (0: rental; 1: private) | 0.584 (0.283) * | |||
BMI | 0.936 (0.033) ** | |||
Confirmed case nearby (0: no; 1: yes) | 0.521 (0.302) ** | |||
Constant | 8.069(1.030) ** | −1.627(0.921) * | 0.025 (0.901) *** | |
No. of observations: 517 | Cox and Snell R2 | 0.288 | 0.220 | 0.306 |
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.385 | 0.297 | 0.427 |
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He, Z.; Pan, W. Food Acquisition during the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Associations with the Physical–Digital Integrated Community Food Environment: A Case Study of Nanjing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137993
He Z, Pan W. Food Acquisition during the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Associations with the Physical–Digital Integrated Community Food Environment: A Case Study of Nanjing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137993
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Zhongyu, and Weijie Pan. 2022. "Food Acquisition during the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Associations with the Physical–Digital Integrated Community Food Environment: A Case Study of Nanjing, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137993
APA StyleHe, Z., & Pan, W. (2022). Food Acquisition during the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Associations with the Physical–Digital Integrated Community Food Environment: A Case Study of Nanjing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137993