Respiratory Health among Pesticide Sprayers at Flower Farms in Ethiopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area and Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Sample Size Determination
2.4. Sampling Procedures
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Management and Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Respiratory Symptoms
3.2. Spirometry Indices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symptoms | Questions |
---|---|
Cough Responding “Yes” to any of the questions |
|
| |
| |
| |
Cough with sputum Responding “Yes” to any of the questions |
|
| |
| |
| |
Breathlessness Responding “Yes” to any of the questions |
|
Chest tightness Responding “Yes” to the question | Do you usually experience chest tightness while at work or just after work? |
Wheezing Responding “Yes” to the question | Have you had attacks of wheezing in your chest at any time? |
Variable | Sprayers (n = 152) | Non-Sprayers (n = 133) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years; Median (range) | 25 (18–60) | 24 (18–58) | 0.34 1 | |
Height in cm; AM (SD) | 171 (6.6) | 172 (6.4) | 0.62 1 | |
Weight in kg; AM (SD) | 58 (6.9) | 58 (7.3) | 0.86 1 | |
Body Mass Index; AM (SD) | 19.9 (1.99) | 19.8 (2.04) | 0.53 1 | |
Hours worked per day; AM (SD) | 5.7 (1.57) | 7.9 (0.46) | <0.01 1 | |
Service months; AM (SD) | 31.4 (31.1) | 37.5 (42.8) | 0.17 1 | |
Education | No formal education (%) | 23 (15.1) | 17 (12.8) | 0.05 2 |
10 educations (%) | 88 (57.9) | 62(46.6) | ||
20 and above (%) | 41 (27.0) | 54 (40.6) | ||
Previous respiratory disease | Yes (%) | 4 (2.6) | 10 (7.5) | 0.057 2 |
Cooking place inside the main house | Yes (%) | 73 (51.4) | 85 (65.4) | 0.02 2 |
Transferred from other work section | Yes (%) | 17 (11.2) | 22 (16.5) | 0.19 2 |
Use of respiratory protective equipment | Yes (%) | 145 (96.0) | ||
Smoking | Yes, no (%) | 10 (6.6) | 15 (11.3) | 0.16 2 |
Variable | Sprayers (n = 152) No (%) | Non-Sprayers (n = 133) No (%) | p-Value 1 | Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cough | 19 (12.5) | 10 (7.5) | 0.39 | 1.4 (0.66–2.90) |
Cough with sputum | 10 (6.6) | 6 (4.5) | 0.63 | 1.25 (0.47–2.29) |
Breathlessness | 32 (21.1) | 18 (13.5) | 0.25 | 1.34 (0.81–2.22) |
Chest tightness | 15 (9.9) | 24 (18.1) | 0.02 * | 0.49 (0.27–0.89) |
Wheezing | 8 (5.3) | 8 (6.0) | 0.75 | 0.85 (0.29–2.41) |
Spirometry Indices | Sprayers (n = 138) | Non-Sprayers (n = 118) | p-Value 1 | Beta (95% CI of Beta) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AM (SD) | ||||
FVC (l) | 4.42 (0.59) | 4.21 (0.64) | <0.01 * | 0.25 (0.13–0.38) |
FEV1 (l) | 3.59 (0.50) | 3.50 (0.58) | 0.01 * | 0.13 (0.02–0.23) |
FEV1/FVC | 82.0 (5.83) | 82.2 (9.67) | 0.15 | −1.3 (−2.7–0.17) |
FEF25–75% | 3.79 (0.97) | 3.85 (1.20) | 0.91 | −0.04 (−0.29–0.21) |
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Shentema, M.G.; Bråtveit, M.; Kumie, A.; Deressa, W.; Moen, B.E. Respiratory Health among Pesticide Sprayers at Flower Farms in Ethiopia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127427
Shentema MG, Bråtveit M, Kumie A, Deressa W, Moen BE. Respiratory Health among Pesticide Sprayers at Flower Farms in Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127427
Chicago/Turabian StyleShentema, Meaza Gezu, Magne Bråtveit, Abera Kumie, Wakgari Deressa, and Bente Elisabeth Moen. 2022. "Respiratory Health among Pesticide Sprayers at Flower Farms in Ethiopia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127427