Predictors of Influenza Vaccination Uptake and the Role of Health Literacy among Health and Social Care Volunteers in the Province of Prato (Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting, Population, and Questionnaire
- sociodemographic data: sex, age, nationality, educational level, type of employment (the “not employed” group included unemployed people, housewives, students, and retired people);
- health literacy: measured with the HLS-EU-Q6 (further description is provided below);
- living conditions: living with people aged >64 years old or with people with chronic diseases or suffering from immunodeficiency;
- at least one of the following risk conditions or diseases: diabetes, obesity, heart diseases, pulmonary diseases, diseases of the immune system, chronic kidney diseases, chronic liver diseases, organ or bone marrow transplants, chronic neurological diseases, oncological diseases (last 5 years), hematological diseases, pregnancy, or surgery under general anesthesia (in the previous year);
- smoking habits: never smokers, former smokers, current smokers (fewer than 10 cigarettes/day, 10–20 cigarettes/day, more than 20 cigarettes/day);
- influenza vaccination: one multiple-choice question about having received influenza vaccination during the 2019–2020 influenza epidemic season (yes, no, I do not remember).
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Theoretical and Practical Implications
4.2. Strengths and Limitations of the Study; Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N (%) | Influenza Vaccination | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes N (%) ° | No/Don’t Remember N (%) ° | p * | |||
122 (24.3%) | 380 (75.7%) | ||||
Sex | Females | 175 (34.9%) | 35 (20%) | 140 (80%) | 0.100 |
Males | 327 (65.1%) | 87 (26.6%) | 240 (73.4%) | ||
Age | ≤64 years | 381 (75.9%) | 60 (15.7%) | 321 (84.3) | <0.001 |
>64 years | 121 (24.1%) | 59 (48.8%) | 62 (51.2%) | ||
Nationality | Italian | 491 (97.8%) | 121 (24.6%) | 370 (75.4%) | 0.310 |
Other | 11 (2.2%) | 1 (9.1%) | 10 (90.9%) | ||
Educational level | Primary school or less | 52 (10.4%) | 22 (42.3%) | 30 (57.7%) | 0.006 |
Lower secondary school | 209 (41.6%) | 53 (25.4%) | 156 (74.6%) | ||
High school | 194 (38.6%) | 37 (19.1%) | 157 (80.9%) | ||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 47 (9.4%) | 10 (21.3%) | 37 (78.7%) | ||
Health literacy (HLS-EU-Q6) | Inadequate | 35 (7%) | 11 (31.4%) | 24 (68.6%) | 0.518 |
Problematic | 143 (28.5%) | 32 (22.4%) | 111 (77.6%) | ||
Sufficient | 255 (50.8%) | 60 (23.5%) | 195 (76.5%) | ||
Missing | 69 (13.7%) | - | - | ||
Employment | No one | 302 (60.2%) | 89 (29.5%) | 213 (70.5%) | 0.006 |
Non-public employment | 76 (15.1%) | 15 (19.7%) | 61 (80.3%) | ||
Public employment | 112 (22.3%) | 15 (13.4%) | 97 (86.6%) | ||
Health or social-health worker | 12 (2.4%) | 3 (25%) | 9 (75%) | ||
Living with people >64 years old or with people with chronic diseases | 149 (29.7%) | 40 (26.8%) | 109 (73.2%) | 0.426 | |
Risk conditions or diseases | Diabetes | 23 (4.6%) | 12 (52.2%) | 11 (47.8%) | 0.003 |
Obesity | 35 (7%) | 11 (31.4%) | 24 (68.6%) | 0.414 | |
Heart diseases | 25 (5%) | 15 (60%) | 10 (40%) | <0.001 | |
Pulmonary diseases | 17 (3.4%) | 9 (52.9%) | 8 (47.1%) | 0.009 | |
Diseases of the immune system | 13 (2.6%) | 2 (15.4%) | 11 (84.6%) | 0.537 | |
Chronic kidney diseases | 4 (0.8%) | 2 (50%) | 2 (50%) | 0.250 | |
Chronic liver diseases | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (100%) | 0 | 0.059 | |
Organ or bone marrow transplant | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (100%) | 0 | 0.243 | |
Chronic neurological diseases | 9 (1.8%) | 3 (33.3%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.695 | |
Oncological diseases (prior 5 years) | 10 (2%) | 6 (60%) | 4 (40%) | 0.016 | |
Hematological diseases | 2 (0.4%) | 0 | 2 (100%) | 1.000 | |
Pregnancy | 3 (0.6%) | 0 | 3 (100%) | 0.581 | |
Surgery under general anesthesia (prior year) | 23 (4.6%) | 10 (43.5%) | 13 (56.5%) | 0.043 | |
At least one of the previously listed | 134 (26.7%) | 52 (38.8%) | 82 (61.2%) | <0.001 | |
Smoking habits | Never smokers | 254 (50.6%) | 60 (23.5%) | 194 (76.4%) | 0.576 |
Current smokers, fewer than 10 cigarettes/day | 65 (12.9%) | 12 (18.5%) | 53 (81.5%) | ||
Current smokers, 10–20 cigarettes/day | 74 (14.7%) | 20 (27%) | 54 (73%) | ||
Current smokers, more than 20 cigarettes/day | 7 (1.4%) | 1 (14.3%) | 6 (85.7) | ||
Former smokers | 102 (20.3%) | 29 (28.4%) | 73 (71.6%) |
Variables | Mean (SD); Median (IQR) | Influenza Vaccination | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No/Don’t Remember | p * | |||
Mean (SD); Median (IQR) | Mean (SD); Median (IQR) | ||||
Age | 49.5 (17.9); 53 (33–64) | 59.4 (16.0); 65 (52.7–69.2) | 46.3 (17.3); 48 (30–61) | <0.001 | |
Age, excluding >64 years old | 42.8 (15.1); 46 (28–57) | 47.4 (14.8); 52.5 (34–59) | 41.9 (15.0); 44 (27–55) | 0.007 | |
HL score (HLS-EU-Q6) | 2.9 (0.6); 3 (2.7–3.3) | 2.9 (0.57); 3 (2.6–3.17) | 3.0 (0.59); 3 (2.7–3.3) | 0.245 | |
Living conditions | N of cohabitants | 3 (1.3); 3 (2–4) | 2.6 (1.35); 2 (2–3) | 3.09 (1.26); 3 (2–4) | <0.001 |
N of rooms in the house (1 missing) | 4.7 (2.3); 4 (4–5) | 4.5 (1.65); 4 (4–5) | 4.8 (2.45); 4 (4–5) | 0.478 | |
N of bedrooms (1 missing) | 2.3 (0.8); 2 (2–3) | 2.3 (0.86); 2 (2–3) | 2.3 (0.78); 2 (2–3) | 0.579 |
Variables | A: Whole Sample N = 502 (24.3% Vaccinated) | B: ≤64 Years N = 381 (15.7% Vaccinated) | C: >64 Years N = 121 (48.8% Vaccinated) | D: Sufficient HL N = 178 (24.1% Vaccinated) | E: Problematic or Inadequate HL N = 255 (23.5% Vaccinated) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p | OR [95% CI] | p | |
Age (continuous) | 1.05 [1.03–1.07] | <0.001 | 1.02 [1.00–1.04] | 0.039 | NI | - | 1.04 [1.02–1.07] | <0.001 | 1.05 [1.02–1.08] | <0.001 |
Diabetes | NI | - | 4.09 [1.15–14.51] | 0.029 | NI | - | NI | - | 6.34 [1.70–23.58] | 0.006 |
Heart diseases | 2.98 [1.24–7.19] | 0.015 | 4.19 [1.18–14.7] | 0.027 | NI | - | NI | - | 4.53 [1.15–17.80] | 0.030 |
Pulmonary diseases | 6.18 [2.01–19.04] | 0.002 | 5.84 [1.89–18.05] | 0.002 | NI | - | NI | - | 8.73 [2.11–36.12] | 0.003 |
Oncological diseases (prior 5 years) | NI | - | 5.30 [1.12–25.04] | 0.035 | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - |
Surgery under general anesthesia (prior year) | 3.14 [1.23–8.06] | 0.017 | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - | 6.38 [1.71–23.76] | 0.006 |
At least one of the listed risk condition or diseases * | NI | - | NI | - | 3.22 [1.44–7.23] | 0.004 | NI | - | NI | - |
Educational level | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - | NI | |
Employment | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - | NI | |
Number of cohabitants | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - | NI | - | NI |
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Lorini, C.; Lastrucci, V.; Zanella, B.; Gori, E.; Chiesi, F.; Bechini, A.; Boccalini, S.; Del Riccio, M.; Moscadelli, A.; Puggelli, F.; et al. Predictors of Influenza Vaccination Uptake and the Role of Health Literacy among Health and Social Care Volunteers in the Province of Prato (Italy). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116688
Lorini C, Lastrucci V, Zanella B, Gori E, Chiesi F, Bechini A, Boccalini S, Del Riccio M, Moscadelli A, Puggelli F, et al. Predictors of Influenza Vaccination Uptake and the Role of Health Literacy among Health and Social Care Volunteers in the Province of Prato (Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11):6688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116688
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorini, Chiara, Vieri Lastrucci, Beatrice Zanella, Eleonora Gori, Fabrizio Chiesi, Angela Bechini, Sara Boccalini, Marco Del Riccio, Andrea Moscadelli, Francesco Puggelli, and et al. 2022. "Predictors of Influenza Vaccination Uptake and the Role of Health Literacy among Health and Social Care Volunteers in the Province of Prato (Italy)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11: 6688. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116688