An Unethical Organizational Behavior for the Sake of the Family: Perceived Risk of Job Insecurity, Family Motivation and Financial Pressures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Development
2.1. Job Insecurity and Unethical Workplace Behavior
2.2. Job Insecurity, Family Financial Pressure, and Unethical Workplace Behavior
2.3. Job Insecurity, Family Motivation, and Unethical Workplace Behavior
3. Methodological Approach
3.1. Development of Study Measures and Instrument
3.2. Process of Collecting Data
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Measurement Model Assessment
4.3. Structural Model Assessment
5. Discussion and Implications
5.1. Implications to Theory
5.2. Implications to Practice
6. Conclusions, Limitations, and Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviation | Items | M | S.D | Skewness | Kurtosis | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Job insecurity—Job_Inst—Hellgren et al. [30] | ||||||
Job_Inst_1 | “I am worried that I will have to leave my job before I would like to.” | 3.51 | 1.1496 | −0.412 | −0.578 | 1.110 |
Job_Inst_2 | “I worry about being able to keep my job.” | 3.51 | 1.163 | −0.399 | −0.634 | 3.542 |
Job_Inst_3 | “I am afraid I may lose my job shortly.” | 3.54 | 1.125 | −0.399 | −0.561 | 3.529 |
Job_Inst_4 | “I worry about getting less stimulating work tasks in the future.” | 3.46 | 1.180 | −0.424 | −0.502 | 2.979 |
Job_Inst_5 | “I worry about my future wage development.” | 3.47 | 1.176 | −0.427 | −0.487 | 2.133 |
Job_Inst_6 | “I feel worried about my career development in the organization.” | 3.46 | 1.198 | −0.471 | −0.456 | 2.891 |
Family financial pressure—Fin_Pres—Conger et al. [58] | ||||||
Fin_Pres_1 | “My family can hardly make ends meet.” | 4.11 | 0.661 | −1.288 | 1.601 | 1.589 |
Fin_Pres_2 | “My family has difficulty paying its monthly bills.” | 4.13 | 0.671 | −1.306 | 1.404 | 1.137 |
Fin_Pres_3 | “My family has little money left at the end of the month.” | 4.10 | 0.649 | −1.283 | 1.922 | 1.464 |
Family Motivation—Fam_Motiv—Menges et al. [47] | ||||||
Fam_Motiv_1 | “I care about supporting my family.” | 3.58 | 1.239 | −0.412 | −0.966 | 2.101 |
Fam_Motiv_2 | “I want to help my family. | 3.53 | 1.188 | −0.339 | −0.940 | 3.065 |
Fam_Motiv_3 | “I want to have a positive impact on my family.” | 3.61 | 1.168 | −0.341 | −0.977 | 1.290 |
Fam_Motiv_4 | “It is important for me to do good for my family.” | 3.48 | 1.208 | −0.338 | −0.959 | 2.141 |
Fam_Motiv_5 | “My family benefits from my job.” | 3.51 | 1.202 | −0.359 | −0.927 | 3.842 |
Unethical workplace behavior in the name of the family—Unethic—Liu et al. [25] | ||||||
Unethic_1 | “To help my family, I took company assets/supplies home for family use.” | 3.82 | 1.248 | −1.023 | 0.062 | 3.196 |
Unethic_2 | “To help my family, I submitted my family’s household receipts (e.g., gas) to my company for reimbursement.” | 3.74 | 1.263 | −0.937 | −0.158 | 3.250 |
Unethic_3 | “I took my family members to work to enjoy company resources and benefits that were intended for employees.” | 3.78 | 1.241 | −0.987 | 0.033 | 3.556 |
Unethic_4 | “I took advantage of my position in the company to make things more convenient for my family.” | 3.77 | 1.252 | −0.997 | 0.004 | 3.740 |
Unethic_5 | “I helped my family member get a job in my organization, even though I knew the family member was not qualified.” | 3.73 | 1.270 | −0.923 | −0.160 | 3.477 |
Unethic_6 | “I disclosed confidential company information to my family members so that they can have advantages/benefits.” | 3.72 | 1.293 | −0.934 | −0.203 | 2.471 |
Unethic_7 | “To help my family, I spent work resources to deal with family-related issues when at work.” | 3.70 | 1.293 | −0.892 | −0.290 | 3.166 |
Factors and Items | Loading | CR | AVE | MSV | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1—Job Insecurity (a = 0.905) | 0.959 | 0.799 | 0.33 | 0.894 | ||||
Job_Inst_1 | 0.948 | |||||||
Job_Inst_2 | 0.976 | |||||||
Job_Inst_3 | 0.979 | |||||||
Job_Inst_4 | 0.823 | |||||||
Job_Inst_5 | 0.817 | |||||||
Job_Inst_6 | 0.800 | |||||||
2—Family Financial Pressure (a = 0.917) | 0.939 | 0.837 | 0.33 | 0.182 | 0.915 | |||
Fin_Pres1 | 0.914 | |||||||
Fin_Pres2 | 0.935 | |||||||
Fin_Pres3 | 0.895 | |||||||
3—Family Motivation (a = 0.902) | 0.979 | 0.904 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.053 | 0.951 | ||
Fam_Motiv_1 | 0.939 | |||||||
Fam_Motiv_2 | 0.977 | |||||||
Fam_Motiv_3 | 0.931 | |||||||
Fam_Motiv_4 | 0.937 | |||||||
Fam_Motiv_5 | 0.970 | |||||||
4—Unethical Workplace Behavior (a = 0.918) | 0.977 | 0.857 | 0.16 | 0.125 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 0.926 | |
Unethic_1 | 0.913 | |||||||
Unethic_2 | 0.884 | |||||||
Unethic_3 | 0.940 | |||||||
Unethic_4 | 0.923 | |||||||
Unethic_5 | 0.976 | |||||||
Unethic_6 | 0.971 | |||||||
Unethic_7 | 0.868 |
Hypotheses | Beta (β) | C-R (T-Value) | R2 | Hypotheses Results | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | Job insecurity | | Unethical workplace behavior | 0.21 ** | 3.759 | Supported | |
H2 | Job insecurity | | Family financial pressure | 0.39 *** | 12.479 | Supported | |
H3 | Family financial pressure | | Unethical workplace behavior | 0.45 *** | 13.018 | Supported | |
H4 | Job insecurity | Path 1: β = 0.39 ***; t-value = 12.479 Path 2: β = 0.45 ***; t-value = 13.018 | Supported | ||||
H5 | Job insecurity | | Family motivation | 0.37 *** | 10.444 | Supported | |
H6 | Family motivation | | Unethical workplace behavior | 0.49 *** | 15.702 | Supported | |
H7 | Job insecurity | Path 1: β = 0.37 ***; t-value = 10.444 Path 2: β = 0.49 ***; t-value = 15.702 | Supported | ||||
Unethical workplace behavior | 0.52 |
Indirect Path | Unstandardized Estimate | Lower | Upper | p-Value | Standardized Estimate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Job Insecurity → Family financial pressure → Unethical workplace behavior | 0.341 | 0.210 | 0.393 | 0.001 | 0.303 *** |
Job Insecurity → Family Motivation → Unethical workplace behavior | 0.334 | 0.216 | 0.389 | 0.001 | 0.326 *** |
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Elshaer, I.A.; Ghanem, M.; Azazz, A.M.S. An Unethical Organizational Behavior for the Sake of the Family: Perceived Risk of Job Insecurity, Family Motivation and Financial Pressures. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116541
Elshaer IA, Ghanem M, Azazz AMS. An Unethical Organizational Behavior for the Sake of the Family: Perceived Risk of Job Insecurity, Family Motivation and Financial Pressures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11):6541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116541
Chicago/Turabian StyleElshaer, Ibrahim A., Marwa Ghanem, and Alaa M. S. Azazz. 2022. "An Unethical Organizational Behavior for the Sake of the Family: Perceived Risk of Job Insecurity, Family Motivation and Financial Pressures" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11: 6541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116541
APA StyleElshaer, I. A., Ghanem, M., & Azazz, A. M. S. (2022). An Unethical Organizational Behavior for the Sake of the Family: Perceived Risk of Job Insecurity, Family Motivation and Financial Pressures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116541