Physical Activity and Food Environments in and around Schools: A Case Study in Regional North-West Tasmania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sampling of Schools
2.3. Physical Activity Environment
2.3.1. Quality Assessment of PA Resources
2.3.2. Walkability Index
- Pedestrian thoroughfare
- Local road
- Access roads
- Undetermined roads
- Collector road
- Sub-arterial road
- Arterial road
- National or state highway
- Create a network dataset from the Public Sector Mapping Agency (PSMA) roads;
- Create a service area layer using the network data set;
- Solve for 800 and 1600 m distances;
- Spatially join the attribute of the input PSMA roads to the Network Analyst output;
- Calculate total road lengths by road type;
- Map output data (see below for details).
2.4. Food Environment
- Restaurant—Seated venue where food is purchased and primarily eaten onsite.
- Canteen—Where food is prepared/served and associated with a school, aged care, or sporting facility site.
- Take Away—Where food is prepared and purchased to take away.
- Fruit and Vegetable Market—Primarily sells fruit and vegetables.
- Supermarket—A primarily self-service shop selling foods and household goods.
- Manufacturer/distributor—Manufactures or processes food that is mainly sold on to other businesses for resale (could be home-based or larger commercial operation).
- Bakery—Produces baked goods/bakery products.
- Catering—Mobile business that provides prepared food (e.g., food vans, caterers that cater for events, service/special interest clubs, etc.).
- Specialty food store—Butcher or fishmonger.
- Fast Food/Franchise—Business belonging to a franchise and sells fast food primarily to take away.
3. Results
3.1. Variety and Quality of PA Infrastructure in Schools
3.2. Walkability around Schools
3.3. Food Environment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Burnie | Circular Head | Devonport | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Area demographics | Population > 18 years * | 14,308 | 5917 | 18,919 |
Population < 18 years # | 5006 | 2234 | 6332 | |
Total population | 19,314 | 8151 | 25,251 | |
Population density per km2 | 31.6 | 1.7 | 227.5 | |
Geographical area (km2) | 611 | 4898 | 111 | |
SES status † | 886 | 896 | 915 | |
School characteristics | Count | 15 | 7 | 14 |
Average enrolment (min/max) | 372 (30/763) | 165 (42/306) | 389 (110/800) | |
ICSEA standing ++ | 950 (885/1033) | 915 (862/1002) | 954 (872/1019) | |
% Public/Private | 80/20 | 71/29 | 79/21 | |
% Primary/Secondary/Other $ | 67/27/7 | 72/14/14 | 64/29/7 | |
PA infrastructure | Average features (min/max) | 6.80 (2/9) | 5.33 (4/6) | 6.36 (5/8) |
Average amenities (min/max) | 8.2 (6/10) | 8.83 (7/10) | 9.18 (7/11) |
AFL | Basketball/Volleyball/Netball | Soccer | Tennis | Swimming | Play/Exercise Equipment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Devonport | Primary | 6 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 7 | |
Secondary | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | ||
Other | |||||||
Circular head | Primary | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | ||
Secondary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Burnie | Primary | 5 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 10 |
Secondary | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||
Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Total (% of schools) | 25 (76%) | 30 (91%) | 14 (42%) | 9 (27%) | 3 (9%) | 31 (94%) |
Primary | Secondary | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | Unhealthy Count | Healthy Count | Ratio of Unhealthy to Healthy | Unhealthy Count | Healthy Count | Ratio of Unhealthy to Healthy |
Burnie | 95 | 6 | 16:1 | 161 | 10 | 16:1 |
Circular Head | 40 | 4 | 10:1 | 34 | 6 | 6:1 |
Devonport | 298 | 33 | 9:1 | 385 | 41 | 9:1 |
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Jayasinghe, S.; Flies, E.J.; Soward, R.; Kendal, D.; Kilpatrick, M.; Cleland, V.; Roberts, R.; Norzahari, F.; Davern, M.; Holloway, T.P.; et al. Physical Activity and Food Environments in and around Schools: A Case Study in Regional North-West Tasmania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106238
Jayasinghe S, Flies EJ, Soward R, Kendal D, Kilpatrick M, Cleland V, Roberts R, Norzahari F, Davern M, Holloway TP, et al. Physical Activity and Food Environments in and around Schools: A Case Study in Regional North-West Tasmania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):6238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106238
Chicago/Turabian StyleJayasinghe, Sisitha, Emily J. Flies, Robert Soward, Dave Kendal, Michelle Kilpatrick, Verity Cleland, Rebecca Roberts, Fadhillah Norzahari, Melanie Davern, Timothy P. Holloway, and et al. 2022. "Physical Activity and Food Environments in and around Schools: A Case Study in Regional North-West Tasmania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 6238. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106238