The Effects of Meditation with Stabilization Exercise in Marine Region on Pain, Tactile Sense, Muscle Characteristics and Strength, Balance, Quality of Life, and Depression in Female Family Caregivers of People with Severe Physical Disabilities: A Randomized Single-Blinded Controlled Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measurement
2.3.1. Pain Intensity
2.3.2. Pain Pressure Threshold
2.3.3. Tactile Spatial Acuity
2.3.4. Muscle Characteristics
2.3.5. Muscle Strength
2.3.6. Dynamic Balance
2.3.7. Quality of Life
2.3.8. Depression
2.4. Intervention
2.4.1. Meditation (35 min)
2.4.2. Stabilization Exercise (25 min)
2.5. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pain Intensity
3.2. Pain Pressure Threshold
3.3. Tactile Spatial Acuity
3.4. Muscle Chatracteristics
3.5. Muscle Strength
3.6. Dynamic Balance
3.7. Quality of Life
3.8. Depression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | MTG (n = 12) | CG (n = 12) | t or Chi-Square (df) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 52.11 ± 10.34 | 53.40 ± 8.88 | −0.292 (22) * | 0.774 | |
Height (cm) | 157.21 ± 4.23 | 156.14 ± 6.18 | 0.436 (22) * | 0.669 | |
Weight (kg) | 57.18 ± 8.68 | 61.12 ± 9.62 | −0.934 (22) * | 0.364 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.14 ± 3.44 | 25.04 ± 3.41 | −1.204 (22) * | 0.245 | |
Care period (month) | 24.44 ± 25.02 | 15.90 ± 17.47 | 0.871 (22) * | 0.396 | |
Relationship | |||||
Wife | 7 (58.30) | 6 (50.00) | 0.220 (3) # | 0.974 | |
Grandmother | 1 (8.30) | 1 (8.30) | |||
Daughter | 3 (25.00) | 4 (33.30) | |||
Daughter-in-law | 1 (8.30) | 1 (8.30) |
Variables | PRE | PI | FU | Source | F (df) | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VAS (mm) | |||||||
Resting pain | |||||||
MTG | 34.89 ± 9.96 | 10.11 ± 10.06 a,* | 13.78 ± 10.91 a,* | Time | 72.719 (1,22) | <0.001 | 0.81 |
CG | 34.40 ± 6.79 | 25.50 ± 4.88 a | 33.50 ± 7.09 | Group | 10.487 (1,22) | 0.005 | 0.38 |
d | 0.37 | 1.45 | 1.64 | T*G | 23.184 (1,22) | <0.001 | 0.58 |
Movement pain | |||||||
MTG | 51.33 ± 14.86 | 17.22 ± 9.72 a,* | 23.78 ± 7.40 a,* | Time | 24.952 (1,22) | <0.001 | 0.60 |
CG | 46.40 ± 20.51 | 34.20 ± 17.74 | 39.10 ± 18.60 | Group | 2.250 (1,22) | 0.152 | 0.12 |
d | 0.24 | 1.07 | 1.02 | T*G | 6.384 (1,22) | 0.004 | 0.27 |
PPT (kg) | |||||||
UT | |||||||
MTG | 4.13 ± 2.29 | 4.67 ± 1.30 | 4.91 ± 1.46 | Time | 0.765 (1,22) | 0.473 | 0.04 |
CG | 5.08 ± 1.81 | 5.29 ± 2.80 | 5.40 ± 2.56 | Group | 0.686 (1,22) | 0.419 | 0.04 |
d | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.21 | T*G | 0.136 (1,22) | 0.873 | 0.01 |
LS | |||||||
MTG | 3.92 ± 1.35 | 4.12 ± 1.04 | 4.89 ± 1.38 | Time | 0.213 (1,22) | 0.809 | 0.01 |
CG | 4.83 ± 1.21 | 4.68 ± 1.28 | 4.26 ± 1.40 | Group | 0.384 (1,22) | 0.543 | 0.02 |
d | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.37 | T*G | 2.967 (1,22) | 0.065 | 0.15 |
SC | |||||||
MTG | 4.91 ± 2.22 | 4.89 ± 1.58 | 4.68 ± 1.05 | Time | 0.186 (1,22) | 0.831 | 0.01 |
CG | 5.15 ± 1.17 | 4.93 ± 1.78 | 4.92 ± 1.93 | Group | 0.076 (1,22) | 0.786 | 0.00 |
d | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.14 | T*G | 0.046 (1,22) | 0.955 | 0.00 |
Variables | PRE | PI | FU | Source | F (df) | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper part (cm) | |||||||
MTG | 3.58 ± 0.47 | 2.88 ± 0.34 a | 2.83 ± 0.43 a,* | Time | 14.460 (1,22) | <0.001 | 0.46 |
CG | 3.51 ± 0.65 | 3.16 ± 0.25 | 3.21 ± 0.23 | Group | 1.898 (1,22) | 0.186 | 0.10 |
d | 0.10 | 0.74 | 0.82 | T*G | 2.169 (1,22) | 0.130 | 0.11 |
Lower part (cm) | |||||||
MTG | 8.39 ± 0.94 | 7.24 ± 0.61 a,* | 7.23 ± 1.20 a,* | Time | 7.672 (1,22) | 0.002 | 0.31 |
CG | 8.49 ± 0.88 | 8.25 ± 0.71 | 8.34 ± 0.69 | Group | 5.341 (1,22) | 0.034 | 0.24 |
d | 0.09 | 1.27 | 0.86 | T*G | 3.891 (1,22) | 0.030 | 0.19 |
Variables | PRE | PI | FU | Source | F (df) | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UT stiffness (N/m) | |||||||
MTG | 237.33 ± 29.74 | 223.11 ± 28.14 | 230.33 ± 18.46 | Time | 1.486 (1,22) | 0.241 | 0.08 |
CG | 239.10 ± 22.42 | 240.20 ± 27.48 | 231.40 ± 20.83 | Group | 0.438 (1,22) | 0.517 | 0.03 |
d | 0.05 | 0.50 | 0.05 | T*G | 1.871 (1,22) | 0.170 | 0.10 |
UT Elasticity (logarithm) | |||||||
MTG | 1.92 ± 0.35 | 1.84 ± 0.34 | 1.94 ± 0.28 | Time | 0.358 (1,22) | 0.702 | 0.02 |
CG | 2.00 ± 0.58 | 1.91 ± 0.51 | 1.90 ± 0.44 | Group | 0.044 (1,22) | 0.837 | 0.00 |
d | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.11 | T*G | 0.195 (1,22) | 0.824 | 0.01 |
LS stiffness (N/m) | |||||||
MTG | 239.22 ± 31.16 | 240.00 ± 31.18 | 251.11 ± 25.48 | Time | 2.440 (1,22) | 0.102 | 0.13 |
CG | 236.70 ± 18.57 | 243.60 ± 21.51 | 257.80 ± 35.89 | Group | 0.081 (1,22) | 0.779 | 0.01 |
d | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.19 | T*G | 0.180 (1,22) | 0.836 | 0.01 |
LS Elasticity (logarithm) | |||||||
MTG | 1.52 ± 0.22 | 1.50 ± 0.27 | 1.61 ± 0.25 | Time | 0.544 (1,22) | 0.585 | 0.03 |
CG | 1.73 ± 0.24 | 1.70 ± 0.23 | 1.71 ± 0.23 | Group | 3.481 (1,22) | 0.079 | 0.17 |
d | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.34 | T*G | 0.580 (1,22) | 0.565 | 0.03 |
SC stiffness (N/m) | |||||||
MTG | 340.44 ± 63.91 | 366.22 ± 32.56 | 354.11 ± 45.43 | Time | 5.814 (1,22) | 0.007 | 0.26 |
CG | 342.90 ± 31.90 | 381.50 ± 57.75 | 395.40 ± 51.53 | Group | 1.149 (1,22) | 0.299 | 0.06 |
d | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.71 | T*G | 1.602 (1,22) | 0.216 | 0.09 |
SC Elasticity (logarithm) | |||||||
MTG | 1.46 ± 0.12 | 1.47 ± 0.24 | 1.35 ± 0.22 | Time | 6.707 (1,22) | 0.004 | 0.28 |
CG | 1.54 ± 0.11 | 1.53 ± 0.16 a | 1.38 ± 0.19 | Group | 0.652 (1,22) | 0.431 | 0.04 |
d | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.08 | T*G | 0.225 (1,22) | 0.799 | 0.01 |
Variables | PRE | PI | FU | Source | F (df) | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle strength (kg) | |||||||
Grip strength (Rt) | |||||||
MTG | 22.67 ± 2.77 | 24.28 ± 3.30 a | 24.06 ± 3.57 a | Time | 5.439 (1,22) | 0.009 | 0.24 |
CG | 22.89 ± 5.13 | 23.51 ± 5.06 | 23.04 ± 5.27 | Group | 0.070 (1,22) | 0.794 | 0.00 |
d | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.20 | T*G | 1.792 (1,22) | 0.182 | 0.10 |
Grip strength (Lt) | |||||||
MTG | 19.66 ± 3.76 | 21.95 ± 3.77 a | 21.84 ± 3.77 a | Time | 5.979 (1,22) | 0.006 | 0.26 |
CG | 21.81 ± 6.73 | 22.17 ± 5.92 | 21.24 ± 5.83 | Group | 0.064 (1,22) | 0.803 | 0.00 |
d | 0.36 | 0.04 | 0.11 | T*G | 6.711 (1,22) | 0.003 | 0.28 |
Pinch grip (Rt) | |||||||
MTG | 6.62 ± 0.71 a | 7.50 ± 0.73 | 6.71 ± 1.02 | Time | 15.265 (1,22) | 0.000 | 0.47 |
CG | 6.51 ± 0.99 a | 7.28 ± 1.57 | 6.66 ± 1.27 | Group | 0.073 (1,22) | 0.790 | 0.00 |
d | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.04 | T*G | 0.141 (1,22) | 0.869 | 0.01 |
Pinch grip (Lt) | |||||||
MTG | 6.29 ± 0.41 a | 6.86 ± 0.65 | 6.76 ± 0.65 | Time | 4.234 (1,22) | 0.023 | 0.20 |
CG | 6.19 ± 0.92 | 6.21 ± 0.96 | 6.36 ± 0.98 | Group | 1.255 (1,22) | 0.278 | 0.07 |
d | 0.13 | 0.69 | 0.42 | T*G | 2.530 (1,22) | 0.095 | 0.13 |
Timed up and go (s) | |||||||
MTG | 8.09 ± 1.17 a | 7.63 ± 0.96 | 7.38 ± 0.90 | Time | 4.196 (1,22) | 0.024 | 0.20 |
CG | 8.02 ± 0.86 | 7.63 ± 0.55 | 7.79 ± 0.75 | Group | 0.103 (1,22) | 0.752 | 0.01 |
d | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.39 | T*G | 1.069 (1,22) | 0.355 | 0.06 |
Variables | PRE | PI | FU | Source | F (df) | p | Partial η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K-WHOQOL-BREF (score) | |||||||
Overall QOL & GH | |||||||
MTG | 53.33 ± 15.81 | 65.56 ± 19.44 | 70.00 ± 14.14 a | Time | 5.443 (1,22) | 0.009 | 0.24 |
CG | 58.00 ± 4.22 | 63.00 ± 4.83 | 61.00 ± 5.68 | Group | 0.328 (1,22) | 0.574 | 0.02 |
d | 0.29 | 0.13 | 0.61 | T*G | 2.215 (1,22) | 0.125 | 0.12 |
Physical health | |||||||
MTG | 50.48 ± 12.29 | 68.25 ± 14.81 a | 68.89 ± 11.38 a | Time | 13.991 (1,22) | < 0.001 | 0.45 |
CG | 59.43 ± 5.99 | 68.86 ± 8.13 | 60.57 ± 9.11 | Group | 0.012 (1,22) | 0.914 | 0.00 |
d | 0.69 | 0.04 | 0.64 | T*G | 5.302 (1,22) | 0.010 | 0.24 |
Psychological | |||||||
MTG | 51.85 ± 13.45 | 65.18 ± 18.72 a | 65.93 ± 14.02 a | Time | 9.946 (1,22) | < 0.001 | 0.37 |
CG | 55.67 ± 8.32 | 65.67 ± 8.47 | 60.00 ± 10.18 | Group | 0.013 (1,22) | 0.911 | 0.00 |
d | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.42 | T*G | 1.611 (1,22) | 0.215 | 0.09 |
Social relationships | |||||||
MTG | 51.85 ± 13.45 | 65.18 ± 18.72 | 65.93 ± 14.02 | Time | 1.051 (1,22) | 0.361 | 0.06 |
CG | 55.67 ± 8.32 | 65.67 ± 8.47 | 60.00 ± 10.18 | Group | 1.217 (1,22) | 0.285 | 0.07 |
d | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.53 | T*G | 0.535 (1,22) | 0.591 | 0.03 |
Environmental | |||||||
MTG | 48.61 ± 9.36 | 62.78 ± 10.42 a | 63.06 ± 9.66 a | Time | 20.004 (1,22) | < 0.001 | 0.54 |
CG | 55.25 ± 9.24 | 59.50 ± 12.35 | 60.25 ± 13.51 | Group | 0.002 (1,22) | 0.968 | 0.00 |
d | 0.53 | 0.22 | 0.20 | T*G | 5.229 (1,22) | 0.010 | 0.24 |
Total | |||||||
MTG | 53.30 ± 10.48 | 66.13 ± 12.71 a | 67.50 ± 10.03 a | Time | 11.958 (1,22) | < 0.001 | 0.41 |
CG | 58.07 ± 3.66 | 64.20 ± 5.22 | 60.90 ± 6.10 | Group | 72.719 (1,22) | < 0.001 | 0.81 |
d | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.63 | T*G | 24.952 (1,22) | < 0.001 | 0.60 |
K-HDRS (score) | |||||||
MTG | 17.56 ± 7.35 | 11.00 ± 1.22 a | 11.89 ± 2.03 | Time | 13.312 (1,22) | < 0.001 | 0.44 |
CG | 17.60 ± 4.20 | 12.20 ± 1.75 a | 13.00 ± 1.94 | Group | 0.781 (1,22) | 0.389 | 0.04 |
d | 0.01 | 0.69 | 0.45 | T*G | 0.131 (1,22) | 0.877 | 0.01 |
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Shin, H.-J.; Kim, S.-H.; Cho, H.-Y.; Lee, J.-H. The Effects of Meditation with Stabilization Exercise in Marine Region on Pain, Tactile Sense, Muscle Characteristics and Strength, Balance, Quality of Life, and Depression in Female Family Caregivers of People with Severe Physical Disabilities: A Randomized Single-Blinded Controlled Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106025
Shin H-J, Kim S-H, Cho H-Y, Lee J-H. The Effects of Meditation with Stabilization Exercise in Marine Region on Pain, Tactile Sense, Muscle Characteristics and Strength, Balance, Quality of Life, and Depression in Female Family Caregivers of People with Severe Physical Disabilities: A Randomized Single-Blinded Controlled Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):6025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106025
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Ho-Jin, Sung-Hyeon Kim, Hwi-Young Cho, and Jae-Hon Lee. 2022. "The Effects of Meditation with Stabilization Exercise in Marine Region on Pain, Tactile Sense, Muscle Characteristics and Strength, Balance, Quality of Life, and Depression in Female Family Caregivers of People with Severe Physical Disabilities: A Randomized Single-Blinded Controlled Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 6025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106025