Evaluation of the Effect of Supervised Group Exercise on Self-Reported Sleep Quality in Pregnant Women with or at High Risk of Depression: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Intervention Group
2.3. Control Group
2.4. Outcomes
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Response Rate, Adherence to Intervention, and Amount of Weekly Exercise
3.3. Intention-to-Treat Analysis
3.4. Per Protocol Analysis
3.5. Association between Subjective Sleep Quality and Psychological Well-Being in the Total Study Population
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.1.1. Strengths
4.1.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Intervention Group n = 143 | Control Group n = 139 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Maternal age, years | 31.9 | 3.8 | 31.7 | 3.9 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.8 | 3.4 | 22.7 | 3.6 |
Sleep quality, PSQI | 6.16 | 2.8 | 6.37 | 3.1 |
Psychological well-being, WHO-5 | 54.4 | 14.8 | 56.0 | 16.4 |
n | Percentage | N | Percentage | |
WHO-5 ≤ 50 | 55 | 38.7 | 42 | 30.7 |
WHO-5 > 50 | 87 | 61.3 | 95 | 69.3 |
Nulliparous | 107 | 74.8 | 100 | 71.9 |
Living with partner | 137 | 95.8 | 132 | 95.0 |
Educational level | ||||
Advanced degree | 72 | 50.3 | 74 | 53.2 |
3–4 years higher education | 47 | 32.9 | 40 | 28.8 |
1–2 years higher education | 9 | 6.3 | 5 | 3.6 |
Skilled worker | 4 | 2.8 | 8 | 5.8 |
Compulsory education | 11 | 7.7 | 10 | 7.2 |
Occupation | ||||
Employed | 96 | 67.1 | 88 | 63.3 |
Unemployed | 19 | 13.3 | 16 | 11.5 |
Student | 24 | 16.8 | 29 | 20.9 |
Other † | 4 | 2.8 | 6 | 4.3 |
Smoking before pregnancy | 26 | 18.2 | 21 | 15.1 |
Smoking in early pregnancy | 2 | 1.4 | 0 | 0 |
Physical activity ≥ 3.5 h a week before pregnancy * | 115 | 80.4 | 105 | 75.5 |
Chronic disorders ** | 26 | 18 | 19 | 14 |
History of depression and anxiety | ||||
Depression within the last 10 years | 44 | 31 | 39 | 28 |
Anxiety within the last 10 years | 38 | 26 | 42 | 30 |
Comorbid depression and anxiety within the last 10 years | 61 | 43 | 58 | 42 |
Antidepressants three months prior to conception and/or during pregnancy | 30 | 21 | 32 | 23 |
Sleep Parameters | Baseline | Post-Intervention | Eight Weeks pp | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17–22 wg | 29–34 wg | |||||||
IG | CG | IG | CG | p | IG | CG | p | |
Global score, mean (CI) | 6.16 (5.66–6.66) | 6.37 (5.87–6.87) | 6.56 (6.05–7.07) | 7.00 (6.47–7.53) | 0.2 | 7.69 (7.14–8.25) | 7.61 (6.99–8.22) | 0.80 |
Global score > 5, % (n) | 57.1 (76) | 58.8 (80) | 56.8 (71) | 64.1 (75) | 0.24 | 78.6 (77) | 78.3 (65) | 0.97 |
Component 1 Subjective sleep quality, mean (CI) | 1.38 (1.02–1.26) | 1.21 (1.09–1.33) | 1.2 (1.08–1.34) | 1.34 (1.21–1.47) | 0.2 | 1.43 (1.29–1.58) | 1.38 (1.21–1.47) | 0.50 |
Subjective sleep quality, very or fairly bad, % (n) | 30.8 (41) | 31.6 (43) | 30.4 (38) | 41.9 (49) | 0.06 | 36.7 (36) | 41.0 (34) | 0.50 |
mean (CI) | mean (CI) | mean (CI) | mean (CI) | mean (CI) | mean (CI) | |||
Component 2 Sleep latency | 1.02 (0.87–1.17) | 1.13 (0.98–1.28) | 0.85 (0.69–1.02) | 1.02 (0.86–1.19) | 0.28 | 0.48 (0.33–0.63) | 0.63 (0.47–0.78) | 0.25 |
Component 3 Sleep duration | 0.64 (0.50–0.77) | 0.65 (0.52–0.78) | 0.77 (0.63–0.92) | 0.95 (0.80–1.10) | 0.06 | 1.58 (1.42–1.75) | 1.54 (1.37–1.72) | 0.73 |
Component 4 Habitual sleep efficiency | 0.66 (0.51–0.82) | 0.76 (0.61–0.91) | 0.91 (0.73–1.09) | 1.09 (0.90–1.27) | 0.26 | 2.0 (1.81–2.21) | 1.70 (1.49–1.92) | 0.04 |
Component 5 Sleep disturbances | 1.51 (1.42–1.61) | 1.49 (1.40–1.59) | 1.62 (1.52–1.72) | 1.64 (1.54–1.74) | 0.68 | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 0.38 |
Component 6 Use of sleeping medication | 0.01 (−0.03–0.04) | 0.06 (−0.03–0.12) | 0.12 (0.04–0.19) | 0.04 (−0.04–0.12) | 0.14 | 0.12 (0.02–0.22) | 0.10 (−0.01–0.21) | 0.69 |
Component 7 Daytime dysfunction | 1.18 (1.06–1.30) | 1.07 (0.96–1.18) | 1.07 (0.95–1.18) | 0.95 (0.83–1.06) | 0.29 | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 0.07 |
WHO ≤ 50 | WHO > 50 | p Value | WHO ≤ 50 | WHO > 50 | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 75.2 (65.3–83) | 47.3 (39.9–54.8) | <0.0001 | 7.82 (7.26–8.38) | 5.42 (5.02–5.82) | <0.0001 | ||
29–34 wg | PSQI > 5 | 70.3 (59.1–79.4) | 55.6 (47.9–63) | 0.03 | PSQI | 7.72 (7.02–8.41) | 6.30 (5.82–6.78) | <0.0001 |
% (CI) | global score | |||||||
mean (CI) | ||||||||
8 wk pp | 83.7 (71.6–91.3) | 75.8 (67.5–82.6) | 0.24 | 8.25 (7.51–9.00) | 7.41 (6.90–7.91) | <0.0001 |
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Broberg, L.; Damm, P.; Frokjaer, V.G.; Rosthøj, S.; de Wolff, M.G.; Høgh, S.; Tabor, A.; Hegaard, H.K. Evaluation of the Effect of Supervised Group Exercise on Self-Reported Sleep Quality in Pregnant Women with or at High Risk of Depression: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105954
Broberg L, Damm P, Frokjaer VG, Rosthøj S, de Wolff MG, Høgh S, Tabor A, Hegaard HK. Evaluation of the Effect of Supervised Group Exercise on Self-Reported Sleep Quality in Pregnant Women with or at High Risk of Depression: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):5954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105954
Chicago/Turabian StyleBroberg, Lotte, Peter Damm, Vibe G. Frokjaer, Susanne Rosthøj, Mie Gaarskjaer de Wolff, Stinne Høgh, Ann Tabor, and Hanne Kristine Hegaard. 2022. "Evaluation of the Effect of Supervised Group Exercise on Self-Reported Sleep Quality in Pregnant Women with or at High Risk of Depression: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 5954. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105954