The Effects of Group Art Therapy on the Primary Family Caregivers of Hospitalized Patients with Brain Injuries in South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Patients with Brain Injury and Their Families
1.2. Benefits of Art Therapy
1.3. Purpose
2. Theoretical Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Design
3.2. Setting and Participants
3.3. Measurements
3.3.1. Depression
3.3.2. Burden
3.3.3. Self-Efficacy
3.3.4. Content Validity
3.4. Training of the Research Assistant
3.5. Group Art Therapy Intervention
- Group formation phase (Sessions 1–5): Builds trust and intimacy among the group members, reduces their burden, and adapts them to and induces interest in GAT.
- Ego search phase (Sessions 6–9): Explores and recognizes an individual’s inner feelings and promotes self-efficacy through interactions among group members. It also reduces stress and anxiety, promotes understanding of oneself and others, and facilitates group interaction.
- Self-acceptance phase (Sessions 10–11): Enables an individual’s recognition of the changes in themselves, makes them confident through emotional stability, and establishes a positive self-image.
- Closing phase (Session 12): Organizes and closes the process through the group activity of “Salt Mandala”.
3.6. Data Collection
3.7. Ethical Considerations
3.8. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Results and Homogeneity Test of Demographic Characteristics and Outcome Variables
4.2. Mean Differences in the Dependent Variables between the Two Groups
5. Discussion
5.1. Implications for Nursing Practice
5.2. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Session (Duration) | Theme | Contents | Method |
---|---|---|---|
I (1 h) | HTP (House-Tree-Person) | Introduction
| Lecture PPT |
Activities
| A4 paper Pencil Eraser | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
II (1 h) | LMT (Landscape Montage Technique) | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A3 paper Black marker Colored pencil Crayon | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
III (1 h) | Orchid picture | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A3 paper Watercolor Colored pencil Marker pen | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
IV (1 h) | Figure drawing from the frontal perspective | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A2 paper Crayon WatercolorColored pencil Marker pen | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
V (1 h) | Expression in India ink | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A3 paperIndia ink Colored Pencil Crayon Watercolor | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
VI (1 h) | Drawing family members as animals | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A3 paper Crayon WatercolorColored pencil Marker | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
VII (1 h) | 9 division method | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A4 paper 4B pencil Eraser Crayon WatercolorColored pencil Marker pen | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
VIII (1 h) | Expressing thoughts with clay | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| Oil-based clay Wire Decorative items | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
IX (1 h) | Cave painting | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| Oil-based clay A3 paper Crayon Watercolor Colored pencil Marker | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
X (1 h) | Self-portrait &others’ portraits | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A4 paper MagazinesGlue & scissors WatercolorCrayon Marker | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
XI (1 h) | Gift I want to receive, Gift I want to give to my family members | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| A4 paper MagazinesGlue WatercolorCrayon Marker | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion | ||
XII (1 h) | Cooperative Salt “Mandala” | Introduction
| PPT |
Activities
| Pastel Salt A2 paper Glue | ||
Wrap-up
| Presentation Discussion |
Characteristics | Experimental (n = 20) | Control (n = 21) | χ2/t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |||
Caregivers | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 6 | 30 | 6 | 28.6 | 0.010 | 0.92 |
Female | 14 | 70 | 15 | 71.4 | ||
Age | ||||||
20–29 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9.5 | 11.679 | 0.07 |
30–39 | 3 | 15.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
40–49 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 23.8 | ||
50–59 | 7 | 35.0 | 6 | 28.6 | ||
60–69 | 8 | 40.0 | 6 | 28.6 | ||
70–79 | 1 | 5.0 | 2 | 9.5 | ||
80–89 | 1 | 5.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Religion | ||||||
Religious | 13 | 65.0 | 14 | 66.7 | 1.178 | 0.882 |
Nonreligious | 7 | 35.0 | 7 | 33.3 | ||
Relation | ||||||
Spouse | 11 | 55 | 8 | 38.1 | 4.785 | 0.31 |
Son | 5 | 25 | 7 | 33.3 | ||
Daughter | 1 | 5 | 3 | 14.3 | ||
Other | 3 | 15 | 3 | 14.3 | ||
Patient | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 5 | 25.0 | 15 | 71.4 | 0.067 | 0.796 |
Female | 15 | 75.0 | 6 | 28.6 | ||
Age | ||||||
20–29 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4.8 | 6.046 | 0.418 |
30–39 | 2 | 10.0 | ||||
40–49 | 1 | 5.0 | 3 | 14.3 | ||
50–59 | 6 | 30.0 | 2 | 9.5 | ||
60–69 | 4 | 20.0 | 6 | 28.6 | ||
70–79 | 5 | 25.0 | 7 | 33.3 | ||
80–89 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 9.5 | ||
Diagnosis | ||||||
Injury by accident | 2 | 10.0 | 3 | 14.3 | 1.253 | 0.74 |
Cerebral hemorrhage | 7 | 35.0 | 6 | 28.6 | ||
Cerebral infarction | 11 | 55.0 | 12 | 57.1 | ||
Duration | ||||||
<6 months | 7 | 35.0 | 12 | 57.1 | 2.02 | 0.155 |
>6 months | 13 | 65.0 | 9 | 42.9 | ||
Number of hospitalizations | ||||||
1 time | 5 | 25.0 | 2 | 9.5 | 3.949 | 0.413 |
2 times | 6 | 30.0 | 8 | 38.1 | ||
3 times | 3 | 15.0 | 6 | 28.6 | ||
4 times | 1 | 4.8 | ||||
More than 5 times | 6 | 30.0 | 4 | 19.0 | ||
Main variables | ||||||
Depression | 16.90 ± 10.13 | 18.71 ± 8.42 | 0.625 | 0.536 | ||
Burden | 78.55 ± 9.67 | 73.24 ± 11.58 | −1.579 | 0.119 | ||
Self-efficacy | 74.95 ± 10.84 | 76.57 ± 8.26 | 5.041 | 0.592 |
Variables | Groups | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Paired-t (p) | t | d | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||
Depression | Exp. | 16.90 (10.13) | 11.80 (7.35) | 3.296 (0.004) | 0.861 | 1.62 | 0.395 |
Con. | 18.71 (8.42) | 16.14 (9.77) | 1.046 (0.308) | ||||
Burden | Exp. | 78.55 (9.67) | 71.15 (11.60) | 4.564 (<0.001) | 2.462 | 1.19 | 0.020 |
Con. | 73.24 (11.58) | 74.81 (11.03) | −0.481 (0.635) | ||||
Self-efficacy | Exp. | 74.95 (10.84) | 80.95 (8.86) | −5.395 (<0.001) | −6.270 | 1.38 | <0.001 |
Con. | 76.57 (8.26) | 74.19 (8.52) | 3.211 (0.004) |
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Share and Cite
Kim, N.; Kim, S.-J.; Jeong, G.-H.; Oh, Y.; Jang, H.; Kim, A.-L. The Effects of Group Art Therapy on the Primary Family Caregivers of Hospitalized Patients with Brain Injuries in South Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095000
Kim N, Kim S-J, Jeong G-H, Oh Y, Jang H, Kim A-L. The Effects of Group Art Therapy on the Primary Family Caregivers of Hospitalized Patients with Brain Injuries in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):5000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095000
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Nayoung, Shin-Jeong Kim, Geum-Hee Jeong, Younjae Oh, Heejung Jang, and Aee-Lee Kim. 2021. "The Effects of Group Art Therapy on the Primary Family Caregivers of Hospitalized Patients with Brain Injuries in South Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 5000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095000