An Exploratory Study of the Association between Housing Price Trends and Antidepressant Use in Taiwan: A 10-Year Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Mental Disorders and Socioeconomic Stress
1.2. Housing Prices as a Proxy for Macroeconomics Conditions
1.3. Antidepressant Prescription as an Indicator of Mental Disorder
1.4. Strength of Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Study Sample
2.2.1. Therapeutic Indications for Antidepressant Use
2.2.2. Proxy for Housing Price Trajectory
2.2.3. Urbanization and Socioeconomic Status
2.2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 531,281) | Females (n = 329,752) | Males (n = 201,529) | SMD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 531,281 | 329,752 | 201,529 | |
Age group, years (%) | 0.146 | |||
<25 | 22,426 (4.2) | 11,727 (3.6) | 10,699 (5.3) | |
25~34 | 67,397 (12.7) | 37,902 (11.5) | 29,495 (14.6) | |
35~44 | 94,592 (17.8) | 60,342 (18.3) | 34,250 (17.0) | |
45~54 | 118,522 (22.3) | 75,229 (22.8) | 43,293 (21.5) | |
55~64 | 98,617 (18.6) | 62,583 (19.0) | 36,034 (17.9) | |
65~74 | 59,046 (11.1) | 39,191 (11.9) | 19,855 (9.9) | |
≥75 | 70,681 (13.3) | 42,778 (13.0) | 27,903 (13.8) | |
Geography 2 (%) | 0.111 | |||
Eastern | 21,361 (4.0) | 12,064 (3.7) | 9297 (4.6) | |
Central | 82,986 (15.6) | 52,176 (15.8) | 30,810 (15.3) | |
Northern | 248,098 (46.7) | 157,841 (47.9) | 90,257 (44.8) | |
Southern | 171,838 (32.3) | 104,582 (31.7) | 67,256 (33.4) | |
Monthly salary | 13,912.34 ± 16,366.54 | 12,484.67 ± 14,411.60 | 16,272.26 ± 18,931.0 | 0.225 |
Administrative district (%) | 0.094 | |||
Other | 225,886 (42.5) | 135,403 (41.1) | 90,483 (44.9) | |
Kaohsiung | 71,580 (13.5) | 43,478 (13.2) | 28,102 (13.9) | |
Taichung City | 53,280 (10.0) | 34,275 (10.4) | 19,005 (9.4) | |
Taipei City | 107,691 (20.3) | 69,327 (21.0) | 38,364 (19.0) | |
Taipei County | 72,844 (13.7) | 47,269 (14.3) | 25,575 (12.7) | |
Monthly salary (%) | 0.242 | |||
High | 105,751 (19.9) | 55,270 (16.8) | 50,481 (25.0) | |
Low | 164,500 (31.0) | 112,847 (34.2) | 51,653 (25.6) | |
Middle | 261,030 (49.1) | 161,635 (49.0) | 99,395 (49.3) | |
Urbanization (%) | 0.112 | |||
1 (most urbanized) | 170,385 (32.1) | 109,857 (33.3) | 60,528 (30.0) | |
2 | 162,331 (30.6) | 102,753 (31.2) | 59,578 (29.6) | |
3 | 72,020 (13.6) | 43,799 (13.3) | 28,221 (14.0) | |
4 | 64,263 (12.1) | 37,738 (11.4) | 26,525 (13.2) | |
5 (least urbanized) | 10,579 (2.0) | 5648 (1.7) | 4931 (2.4) | |
Age (mean (SD)) | 52.86 (17.43) | 53.33 (16.95) | 52.07 (18.15) | 0.072 |
Housing index | 122.325 ± 28.33 | |||
Yearly change | 9.196 ± 7.617 |
Male | Female | All | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RRd | Lower RR | Upper RR | RR | Lower RR | Upper RR | RR | Lower RR | Upper RR | |
Peaka | 1.082 | 0.988 | 1.185 | 1.069 | 0.976 | 1.170 | * 1.133 | 1.009 | 1.273 |
lag1 | 0.739 | 0.241 | 2.266 | 0.724 | 0.239 | 2.196 | * 1.333 | 1.021 | 1.742 |
lag2 | 1.557 | 0.008 | >999 | 1.770 | 0.011 | 291.704 | 0.887 | 0.644 | 1.220 |
lag3 | 0.718 | 0.000 | >999 | 1.184 | 0.000 | >999 | 1.112 | 0.896 | 1.380 |
lag4 | 1.156 | 0.014 | 93.726 | 0.632 | 0.009 | 44.292 | 1.022 | 0.962 | 1.086 |
Housing Indexb | 1.012 | 0.030 | 34.351 | 1.009 | 0.989 | 1.029 | 0.731 | 0.081 | 6.621 |
lag1 | 0.000 | 0.000 | >999 | 0.649 | 0.405 | 1.039 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 24.105 |
lag2 | >999 | 0.000 | >999 | 6.027 | 0.881 | 41.234 | >999 | 0.039 | >999 |
lag3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | >999 | 0.086 | 0.006 | 1.280 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.475 |
lag4 | >999 | 0.000 | >999 | 2.937 | 0.857 | 10.068 | 0.622 | 0.204 | 1.890 |
High Seasonc | * 1.151 | 1.005 | 1.319 | * 1.379 | 1.213 | 1.567 | 1.121 | 0.980 | 1.282 |
lag1 | 0.351 | 0.007 | 16.598 | 0.064 | 0.002 | 2.273 | 0.961 | 0.039 | 23.738 |
lag2 | 1.233 | 0.000 | >999 | >999 | 0.000 | >999 | 0.004 | 0.000 | >999 |
lag3 | 43.967 | 0.000 | >999 | 0.000 | 0.000 | >999 | >999 | 0.000 | >999 |
lag4 | 0.041 | 0.000 | >999 | 102.611 | 0.000 | >999 | 0.001 | 0.000 | >999 |
Linear Trend | 1.019 | 0.968 | 1.072 | * 1.101 | 1.047 | 1.159 | * 1.433 | 1.302 | 1.577 |
quarterQ2 | 1.086 | 1.003 | 1.176 | 1.017 | 0.941 | 1.099 | * 1.090 | 1.004 | 1.185 |
quarterQ3 | 1.104 | 1.012 | 1.206 | 1.061 | 0.973 | 1.156 | * 1.167 | 1.080 | 1.261 |
quarterQ4 | * 1.207 | 1.118 | 1.303 | * 1.234 | 1.145 | 1.330 | * 1.332 | 1.234 | 1.439 |
SARSe | 0.974 | 0.829 | 1.145 | 1.062 | 0.903 | 1.249 | 1.036 | 0.889 | 1.207 |
Yearly Changef | 0.991 | 0.970 | 1.011 | 0.977 | 0.958 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.982 | 1.008 |
Stockg | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Crisish | 0.865 | 0.728 | >999 | 0.731 | 0.620 | 0.861 | 0.989 | 0.841 | 1.163 |
Low Income | Middle Income | High Income | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p Value | β | p Value | β | p Value | |
Peak a | 0.171 | * 0.003 | 0.068 | 0.149 | 0.093 | 0.363 |
lag1 | 0.309 | 0.052 | 0.057 | 0.937 | −1.517 | 0.399 |
lag2 | −0.001 | 0.997 | −0.412 | 0.911 | 6.954 | 0.402 |
lag3 | −0.037 | 0.762 | 0.194 | 0.975 | −10.170 | 0.429 |
lag4 | 0.05 | 0.139 | 0.024 | 0.994 | 4.695 | 0.458 |
Housing Index b | 0.002 | 0.836 | −0.036 | 0.064 | −0.030 | 0.279 |
lag1 | −0.052 | 0.211 | 0.567 | 0.203 | 0.559 | 0.385 |
lag2 | 0.036 | 0.418 | −1.853 | 0.294 | −1.884 | 0.467 |
lag3 | −0.019 | 0.384 | 2.09 | 0.389 | 2.2 | 0.538 |
lag4 | −0.003 | 0.467 | −0.754 | 0.488 | −0.844 | 0.598 |
High Season c | 0.248 | * <0.001 | 0.187 | * 0.035 | −0.014 | 0.893 |
lag1 | −0.113 | 0.769 | −2.481 | 0.335 | 0.116 | 0.18 |
lag2 | −0.624 | 0.334 | 9.972 | 0.438 | 0.095 | 0.263 |
lag3 | 0.358 | 0.439 | −15.640 | 0.453 | 0.341 | 0.073 |
lag4 | 0.127 | 0.243 | 7.986 | 0.45 | −6.747 | 0.144 |
Linear Trend | 0.072 | 0.113 | 0.093 | 0.102 | 30.56 | 0.19 |
quarterQ2 | 0.106 | * 0.030 | 0.129 | * 0.023 | −47.480 | 0.204 |
quarterQ3 | 0.298 | * <0.001 | 0.086 | 0.085 | 23.39 | 0.211 |
quarterQ4 | 0.216 | * <0.001 | 0.042 | 0.142 | −0.005 | 0.951 |
SARS d | 0.013 | 0.873 | 0.02 | 0.841 | −0.080 | 0.619 |
Yearly Change e | −0.012 | 0.166 | 0.023 | 0.171 | 0.019 | 0.404 |
Stock f | 0.001 | * 0.047 | 0.001 | * 0.002 | 0 | 0.931 |
Crisis g | −0.108 | 0.15 | 0.349 | * 0.023 | 0.013 | 0.942 |
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Lee, C.-Y.; Chen, P.-H.; Lin, Y.-K. An Exploratory Study of the Association between Housing Price Trends and Antidepressant Use in Taiwan: A 10-Year Population-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094839
Lee C-Y, Chen P-H, Lin Y-K. An Exploratory Study of the Association between Housing Price Trends and Antidepressant Use in Taiwan: A 10-Year Population-Based Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094839
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Chen-Yin, Pao-Huan Chen, and Yen-Kuang Lin. 2021. "An Exploratory Study of the Association between Housing Price Trends and Antidepressant Use in Taiwan: A 10-Year Population-Based Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094839