Use of Digital Media for Home-Based Sports Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the German SPOVID Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Coding of Open-Ended Question on the Types of Digital Sports Activities
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Digital Sports Activities
3.2. Time Spent with Digital Sports Activities
3.3. Media and Technologies Used for Digital Sports Activities
3.4. Most Popular Digital Sports Activities
3.5. Social Inequality of Online Sports Participation
3.6. Contribution of Digital Sports Activities to Levels of Overall Sports Activity
4. Discussion
4.1. Principal Findings
4.2. Theoretical and Practical Implications
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Description and Examples | Males (%) | Females (%) | Overall (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
General fitness workout | General fitness exercises, e.g., full body training, circuit training, Tabata, HIIT, or reference to online fitness platforms with varied/mixed courses, e.g., Gymondo, LesMills | 33.9 | 34.4 | 34.2 |
Strength and weight training a | Muscle building and strength training, e.g., dumbbell training, Calisthenics, Body Pump, Push Ups, Sit Ups, CORE Training, suspension training with TRX slings | 43.4 | 20.8 | 29.1 |
Body and mind practices b | Practices that combine bodily movements or postures with breathing, concentration, alertness, or relaxation methods, e.g., Yoga, Pilates, Tai Chi, Qi Gong | 11.6 | 38.8 | 28.3 |
(Functional) Gymnastic | Functional and general gymnastics and stretching exercises, including gymnastics and exercises during/after pregnancy | 14.8 | 22.5 | 19.6 |
Body shaping/body modelling workouts b | Body shaping and modelling workouts usually with reference to one or more body parts or body zones that a workout is focused on, e.g., legs, glutes and abdomen | 6.6 | 22.6 | 16.9 |
Endurance training | Endurance training with or without equipment, e.g., use of ergometer, treadmill, spinning, cardio-workout | 19.7 | 15.1 | 16.7 |
Therapeutic and health-related exercises | Therapeutic sports, preventive exercises for the elderly, recovery training, where respondents mentioned a specific illness or health-related goal, e.g., back training | 9.8 | 13.2 | 11.9 |
Dance and dance-based workouts b | Dance courses and dance-based workouts, e.g., Zumba, Aerobic, Salsa, Hip Hop | 1.6 | 6.6 | 4.6 |
Unspecified/other | Residual category for all other responses that could not be assigned to one of the other categories, e.g., Exercise Games, Martial Arts | 12.3 | 8.5 | 9.8 |
Participation in Online and Offline Sports | Online Sports vs. Inactive (n = 597) | Offline Sports only vs. Inactive (n = 1315) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Exp(B) | p | B | Exp(B) | p | |
Age (in years) | −0.05 | 0.95 | <0.001 | −0.02 | 0.98 | <0.001 |
Gender (Ref. male) | 0.53 | 1.70 | 0.007 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.996 |
Education - higher secondary - medium secondary (Ref. lower secondary) | 1.07 0.21 | 2.91 1.24 | <0.001 0.457 | 0.45 0.12 | 1.56 1.12 | 0.018 0.503 |
Net income (in 1000 €) | 0.21 | 1.24 | 0.001 | 0.17 | 1.18 | 0.001 |
Immigrant Status (Ref. non-migrant) | 0.46 | 1.58 | 0.127 | 0.29 | 1.33 | 0.218 |
Urban/rural residency - metropolitan area - small town/suburbs (Ref. rural area) | 0.17 0.20 | 1.19 1.23 | 0.468 0.402 | 0.11 0.20 | 1.12 1.22 | 0.503 0.233 |
Pseudo-R2 (Nagelkerke) | 0.343 | 0.077 |
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Mutz, M.; Müller, J.; Reimers, A.K. Use of Digital Media for Home-Based Sports Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the German SPOVID Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094409
Mutz M, Müller J, Reimers AK. Use of Digital Media for Home-Based Sports Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the German SPOVID Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094409
Chicago/Turabian StyleMutz, Michael, Johannes Müller, and Anne K. Reimers. 2021. "Use of Digital Media for Home-Based Sports Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the German SPOVID Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094409
APA StyleMutz, M., Müller, J., & Reimers, A. K. (2021). Use of Digital Media for Home-Based Sports Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the German SPOVID Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094409