Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Metabolism, and Glycemia: Results from a Clinical Population in New York City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Clinical and Demographic Data
2.3. Arsenic Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States. National Diabetes Statistics Report. 2020. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf (accessed on 28 August 2020).
- Maull, E.A.; Ahsan, H.; Edwards, J.; Longnecker, M.P.; Navas-Acien, A.; Pi, J.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Styblo, M.; Tseng, C.H.; Thayer, K.A.; et al. Evaluation of the association between arsenic and diabetes: A National Toxicology Program workshop review. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 1658–1670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gribble, M.O.; Howard, B.V.; Umans, J.G.; Shara, N.M.; Francesconi, K.A.; Goessler, W.; Crainiceanu, C.M.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Guallar, E.; Navas-Acien, A. Arsenic exposure, diabetes prevalence, and diabetes control in the Strong Heart Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 176, 865–874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gilbert-Diamond, D.; Cottingham, K.L.; Gruber, J.F.; Punshon, T.; Sayarath, V.; Gandolfi, A.J.; Baker, E.R.; Jackson, B.P.; Folt, C.L.; Karagas, M.R. Rice consumption contributes to arsenic exposure in US women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 20656–20660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jackson, B.P.; Taylor, V.F.; Karagas, M.R.; Punshon, T.; Cottingham, K.L. Arsenic, organic foods, and brown rice syrup. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 623–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kurzius-Spencer, M.; Burgess, J.L.; Harris, R.B.; Hartz, V.; Roberge, J.; Huang, S.; Hsu, C.H.; O’Rourke, M.K. Contribution of diet to aggregate arsenic exposures-an analysis across populations. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2014, 24, 156–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carlin, D.J.; Naujokas, M.F.; Bradham, K.D.; Cowden, J.; Heacock, M.; Henry, H.F.; Lee, J.S.; Thomas, D.J.; Thompson, C.; Tokar, E.J.; et al. Arsenic and Environmental Health: State of the Science and Future Research Opportunities. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 890–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cubadda, F.; Jackson, B.P.; Cottingham, K.L.; Van Horne, Y.O.; Kurzius-Spencer, M. Human exposure to dietary inorganic arsenic and other arsenic species: State of knowledge, gaps and uncertainties. Sci. Total. Environ. 2017, 579, 1228–1239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lai, M.S.; Hsueh, Y.M.; Chen, C.J.; Shyu, M.P.; Chen, S.Y.; Kuo, T.L.; Wu, M.M.; Tai, T.Y. Ingested inorganic arsenic and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1994, 139, 484–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahman, M.; Tondel, M.; Ahmad, S.A.; Axelson, O. Diabetes mellitus associated with arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998, 148, 198–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rahman, M.; Tondel, M.; Chowdhury, I.A.; Axelson, O. Relations between exposure to arsenic, skin lesions, and glucosuria. Occup. Environ. Med. 1999, 56, 277–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tseng, C.H.; Tai, T.Y.; Chong, C.K.; Tseng, C.P.; Lai, M.S.; Lin, B.J.; Chiou, H.Y.; Hsueh, Y.M.; Hsu, K.H.; Chen, C.J. Long-term arsenic exposure and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A cohort study in arseniasis-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 847–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.L.; Chiou, J.M.; Chen, C.J.; Tseng, C.H.; Chou, W.L.; Wang, C.C.; Wu, T.N.; Chang, L.W. Prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and related vascular diseases in southwestern arseniasis-endemic and nonendemic areas in Taiwan. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brauner, E.V.; Nordsborg, R.B.; Andersen, Z.J.; Tjonneland, A.; Loft, S.; Raaschou-Nielsen, O. Long-term exposure to low-level arsenic in drinking water and diabetes incidence: A prospective study of the diet, cancer and health cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122, 1059–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- James, K.A.; Marshall, J.A.; Hokanson, J.E.; Meliker, J.R.; Zerbe, G.O.; Byers, T.E. A case-cohort study examining lifetime exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and diabetes mellitus. Environ. Res. 2013, 123, 33–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zierold, K.M.; Knobeloch, L.; Anderson, H. Prevalence of chronic diseases in adults exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Am. J. Public Health 2004, 94, 1936–1937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lampron-Goulet, E.; Gagnon, F.; Langlois, M.F. Association between consumption of private well water contaminated by low levels of arsenic and dysglycemia in a rural region of Quebec, Canada. Environ. Res. 2017, 159, 232–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mendez, M.A.; Gonzalez-Horta, C.; Sanchez-Ramirez, B.; Ballinas-Casarrubias, L.; Ceron, R.H.; Morales, D.V.; Terrazas, F.A.; Ishida, M.C.; Gutierrez-Torres, D.S.; Saunders, R.J.; et al. Chronic Exposure to Arsenic and Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study in Chihuahua, Mexico. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 104–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, Y.; Ahsan, H.; Slavkovich, V.; Peltier, G.L.; Gluskin, R.T.; Parvez, F.; Liu, X.; Graziano, J.H. No association between arsenic exposure from drinking water and diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118, 1299–1305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kuo, C.C.; Howard, B.V.; Umans, J.G.; Gribble, M.O.; Best, L.G.; Francesconi, K.A.; Goessler, W.; Lee, E.; Guallar, E.; Navas-Acien, A. Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Metabolism, and Incident Diabetes in the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2015, 38, 620–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Del Razo, L.M.; Garcia-Vargas, G.G.; Valenzuela, O.L.; Castellanos, E.H.; Sanchez-Pena, L.C.; Currier, J.M.; Drobna, Z.; Loomis, D.; Styblo, M. Exposure to arsenic in drinking water is associated with increased prevalence of diabetes: A cross-sectional study in the Zimapan and Lagunera regions in Mexico. Environ. Health 2011, 10, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Navas-Acien, A.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Pastor-Barriuso, R.; Guallar, E. Rejoinder: Arsenic exposure and prevalence of type 2 diabetes: Updated findings from the National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey, 2003–2006. Epidemiology 2009, 20, 816–820, discussion e811–812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Coronado-Gonzalez, J.A.; Del Razo, L.M.; Garcia-Vargas, G.; Sanmiguel-Salazar, F.; Escobedo-de la Pena, J. Inorganic arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mexico. Environ. Res. 2007, 104, 383–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, N.H.; Mason, C.C.; Nelson, R.G.; Afton, S.E.; Essader, A.S.; Medlin, J.E.; Levine, K.E.; Hoppin, J.A.; Lin, C.; Knowler, W.C.; et al. Arsenic exposure and incidence of type 2 diabetes in Southwestern American Indians. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 177, 962–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Navas-Acien, A.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Pastor-Barriuso, R.; Guallar, E. Arsenic exposure and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in US adults. JAMA 2008, 300, 814–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Velmurugan, G.; Swaminathan, K.; Veerasekar, G.; Purnell, J.Q.; Mohanraj, S.; Dhivakar, M.; Avula, A.K.; Cherian, M.; Palaniswami, N.G.; Alexander, T.; et al. Metals in urine in relation to the prevalence of pre-diabetes, diabetes and atherosclerosis in rural India. Occup. Environ. Med. 2018, 75, 661–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Drobna, Z.; Styblo, M.; Thomas, D.J. An Overview of Arsenic Metabolism and Toxicity. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 2009, 42, 4.31.1–4.31.6. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Y.C.; Su, H.J.; Guo, Y.L.; Hsueh, Y.M.; Smith, T.J.; Ryan, L.M.; Lee, M.S.; Christiani, D.C. Arsenic methylation and bladder cancer risk in Taiwan. Cancer Causes Control 2003, 14, 303–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pu, Y.S.; Yang, S.M.; Huang, Y.K.; Chung, C.J.; Huang, S.K.; Chiu, A.W.; Yang, M.H.; Chen, C.J.; Hsueh, Y.M. Urinary arsenic profile affects the risk of urothelial carcinoma even at low arsenic exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 218, 99–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steinmaus, C.; Bates, M.N.; Yuan, Y.; Kalman, D.; Atallah, R.; Rey, O.A.; Biggs, M.L.; Hopenhayn, C.; Moore, L.E.; Hoang, B.K.; et al. Arsenic methylation and bladder cancer risk in case-control studies in Argentina and the United States. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006, 48, 478–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, R.C.; Hsu, K.H.; Chen, C.J.; Froines, J.R. Arsenic methylation capacity and skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2000, 9, 1259–1262. [Google Scholar]
- Ahsan, H.; Chen, Y.; Kibriya, M.G.; Slavkovich, V.; Parvez, F.; Jasmine, F.; Gamble, M.V.; Graziano, J.H. Arsenic metabolism, genetic susceptibility, and risk of premalignant skin lesions in Bangladesh. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2007, 16, 1270–1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, Y.; Wu, F.; Liu, M.; Parvez, F.; Slavkovich, V.; Eunus, M.; Ahmed, A.; Argos, M.; Islam, T.; Rakibuz-Zaman, M.; et al. A prospective study of arsenic exposure, arsenic methylation capacity, and risk of cardiovascular disease in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121, 832–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, Y.; Wu, F.; Graziano, J.H.; Parvez, F.; Liu, M.; Paul, R.R.; Shaheen, I.; Sarwar, G.; Ahmed, A.; Islam, T.; et al. Arsenic exposure from drinking water, arsenic methylation capacity, and carotid intima-media thickness in Bangladesh. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 178, 372–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melak, D.; Ferreccio, C.; Kalman, D.; Parra, R.; Acevedo, J.; Perez, L.; Cortes, S.; Smith, A.H.; Yuan, Y.; Liaw, J.; et al. Arsenic methylation and lung and bladder cancer in a case-control study in northern Chile. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2014, 274, 225–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grau-Perez, M.; Kuo, C.C.; Gribble, M.O.; Balakrishnan, P.; Spratlen, M.J.; Vaidya, D.; Francesconi, K.A.; Goessler, W.; Guallar, E.; Silbergeld, E.K.; et al. Association of Low-Moderate Arsenic Exposure and Arsenic Metabolism with Incident Diabetes and Insulin Resistance in the Strong Heart Family Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2017, 125, 127004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Diabetes Association. Introduction: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care 2021, 44, S1–S2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hosgood, H.D.; Slavkovich, V.; Hua, S.; Klugman, M.; Grau-Perez, M.; Thyagarajan, B.; Graziano, J.; Cai, J.; Shaw, P.A.; Kaplan, R.; et al. Urinary Arsenic Species are Detectable in Urban Underserved Hispanic/Latino Populations: A Pilot Study from the Study of Latinos: Nutrition & Physical Activity Assessment Study (SOLNAS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2247. [Google Scholar]
- Scheer, J.; Findenig, S.; Goessler, W.; Francesconi, K.A.; Howard, B.; Umans, J.G.; Pollak, J.; Tellez-Plaza, M.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Guallar, E.; et al. Arsenic species and selected metals in human urine: Validation of HPLC/ICPMS and ICPMS procedures for a long-term population-based epidemiological study. Anal. Methods 2012, 4, 406–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jones, M.R.; Tellez-Plaza, M.; Vaidya, D.; Grau, M.; Francesconi, K.A.; Goessler, W.; Guallar, E.; Post, W.S.; Kaufman, J.D.; Navas-Acien, A. Estimation of Inorganic Arsenic Exposure in Populations with Frequent Seafood Intake: Evidence From MESA and NHANES. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2016, 184, 590–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vahter, M.; Bjorkman, L.; Goessler, W. Concentrations of biomarkers in spot urine samples need adjustment for variation in dilution—Comment on: “Distribution of urinary selenium and arsenic among pregnant women exposed to arsenic in drinking water”. Environ. Res. 2006, 104, 312–313, discussion 314. [Google Scholar]
- Willett, W.; Stampfer, M.J. Total energy intake: Implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1986, 124, 17–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Willett, W.C.; Howe, G.R.; Kushi, L.H. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 65, 1220S–1228S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feseke, S.K.; St-Laurent, J.; Anassour-Sidi, E.; Ayotte, P.; Bouchard, M.; Levallois, P. Arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes: Results from the 2007–2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey. Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can. 2015, 35, 63–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grau-Perez, M.; Navas-Acien, A.; Galan-Chilet, I.; Briongos-Figuero, L.S.; Morchon-Simon, D.; Bermudez, J.D.; Crainiceanu, C.M.; de Marco, G.; Rentero-Garrido, P.; Garcia-Barrera, T.; et al. Arsenic exposure, diabetes-related genes and diabetes prevalence in a general population from Spain. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 235, 948–955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carmean, C.M.; Seino, S. Braving the Element: Pancreatic beta-Cell Dysfunction and Adaptation in Response to Arsenic Exposure. Front. Endocrinol. 2019, 10, 344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Walton, F.S.; Harmon, A.W.; Paul, D.S.; Drobna, Z.; Patel, Y.M.; Styblo, M. Inhibition of insulin-dependent glucose uptake by trivalent arsenicals: Possible mechanism of arsenic-induced diabetes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 198, 424–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Douillet, C.; Currier, J.; Saunders, J.; Bodnar, W.M.; Matousek, T.; Styblo, M. Methylated trivalent arsenicals are potent inhibitors of glucose stimulated insulin secretion by murine pancreatic islets. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2013, 267, 11–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dover, E.N.; Beck, R.; Huang, M.C.; Douillet, C.; Wang, Z.; Klett, E.L.; Styblo, M. Arsenite and methylarsonite inhibit mitochondrial metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 832/13 beta cells. Arch. Toxicol. 2018, 92, 693–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navas-Acien, A.; Umans, J.G.; Howard, B.V.; Goessler, W.; Francesconi, K.A.; Crainiceanu, C.M.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Guallar, E. Urine arsenic concentrations and species excretion patterns in American Indian communities over a 10-year period: The Strong Heart Study. Environ. Health Perspect 2009, 117, 1428–1433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shiue, I.; Hristova, K. Higher urinary heavy metal, phthalate and arsenic concentrations accounted for 3–19% of the population attributable risk for high blood pressure: US NHANE.S.; 2009–2012. Hypertens Res. 2014, 37, 1075–1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care 2021, 44, S73–S84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variable a | N | Overall (n = 190) | Controls (n = 44) | Prediabetes (n = 62) | Diabetes (n = 84) | p-Value b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 190 | 72 (37.9) | 16 (36.4) | 27 (43.6) | 29 (34.5) | 0.69 |
Hispanic | 190 | 97 (51.1) | 15 (34.1) | 44 (71.0) | 38 (45.2) | 0.64 |
Age, years | 190 | 56 (51–64) | 58 (51.5–64) | 52.5 (47–61) | 58 (53–64) | 0.01 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 187 | 30.5 (27.0–34.1) | 29.1 (26.0–32.0) | 30.4 (26.1–34.5) | 31.0 (28.3–34.3) | 0.07 |
Waist circumference, cm | 186 | 103.1 (95.7–111.0) | 97.5 (88.5–108.0) | 102.4 (97.3–111.0) | 106.2 (98.1–111.8) | 0.02 |
Ever smoked | 189 | 75 (39.7) | 20 (45.5) | 24 (38.7) | 31 (37.4) | 0.40 |
Greater than high school | 189 | 100 (52.9) | 32 (72.7) | 27 (43.6) | 41 (49.4) | 0.03 |
Urinary creatinine, mg/dl | 178 | 106.8 (60.4–171.3) | 97.5 (46.0–156.1) | 132.1 (64.7–187.6) | 102.2 (60.7–179.0) | 0.19 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 182 | 6.4 (5.8–8.4) | 5.5 (5.4–5.5) | 6.0 (5.8–6.2) | 8.5 (6.9–9.9) | <0.0001 |
Total arsenic, µg/L | 150 | 13.3 (6.6–27.7) | 13.4 (6.4–35.7) | 15.5 (8.1–34.0) | 12.1 (6.6–23.6) | 0.78 |
iAs, µg/L | 146 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.5 (0.1–0.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.8) | 0.24 |
MMA, µg/L | 146 | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.8 (0.4–1.2) | 0.36 |
DMA, µg/L | 146 | 6.0 (3.1–10.8) | 6.0 (2.8–11.1) | 5.8 (3.6–10.7) | 6.1 (3.1–9.8) | 0.97 |
AsBC, µg/L | 146 | 4.1 (1.2–11.3) | 5.8 (2.0–19.0) | 4.1 (1.2–12.0) | 3.0 (1.0–8.0) | 0.11 |
iAs + MMA + DMA, µg/L | 146 | 7.4 (3.9–12.8) | 7.5 (3.7–13.2) | 7.3 (4.4–12.7) | 7.4 (3.9–12.3) | 0.94 |
Total arsenic, µg/g creatinine | 150 | 12.0 (6.8–29.2) | 15.6 (8.5–40.1) | 11.7 (6.8–30.4) | 11.3 (6.0–23.1) | 0.11 |
iAs, µg/g creatinine | 146 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.59 |
MMA, µg/g creatinine | 146 | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.6 (0.5–1.0) | 0.73 |
DMA, µg/g creatinine | 146 | 5.2 (3.3–9.0) | 6.6 (4.0–12.3) | 4.9 (3.3–8.1) | 4.5 (3.1–9.0) | 0.32 |
AsBC, µg/g creatinine | 146 | 4.2 (1.2–11.9) | 7.5 (3.6–25.4) | 3.8 (1.0–9.5) | 2.7 (1.1–7.5) | 0.01 |
iAs + MMA + DMA, µg/g creatinine | 146 | 6.7 (4.1–10.7) | 7.7 (4.7–13.4) | 6.0 (3.9–9.4) | 5.5 (4.0–11.1) | 0.33 |
iAs% | 146 | 6.3 (4.0–8.8) | 5.7 (3.0–8.6) | 6.8 (5.2–9.5) | 6.2 (3.9–8.6) | 0.17 |
MMA% | 146 | 10.4 (6.3–13.2) | 8.2 (5.9–13.7) | 10.4 (7.2–11.8) | 10.9 (6.6–13.2) | 0.50 |
DMA% | 146 | 83.7 (78.4–88.1) | 86.3 (78.8–90.5) | 83.3 (78.4–86.1) | 82.1 (78.4–88.1) | 0.26 |
Prediabetes (n = 45) vs. Control (n = 36) | Diabetes (n = 65) vs. Control (n = 36) | Diabetes + Prediabetes (n = 110) vs. Control (n = 36) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total arsenic b | ||||
Model 1 c | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | |
Model 2 d | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | |
iAs% b | ||||
Model 1 c | 2.05 (0.52–8.08) | 2.09 (0.59–7.38) | 2.08 (0.65–6.69) | |
Model 2 d | 2.89 (0.67–12.5) | 3.42 (0.86–13.6) | 3.14 (0.87–11.3) | |
MMA% b | ||||
Model 1 c | 1.53 (0.52–4.50) | 2.21 (0.85–5.76) | 1.96 (0.81–4.79) | |
Model 2 d | 1.67 (0.54–5.19) | 2.50 (0.88–7.13) | 2.19 (0.83–5.76) | |
DMA% b | ||||
Model 1 c | 0.67 (0.33–1.38) | 0.56 (0.29–1.08) | 0.59 (0.32–1.09) | |
Model 2 d | 0.59 (0.28–1.26) | 0.46 (0.22–0.94) | 0.51 (0.26–0.99) |
Variable | n | Model 1 b | Model 2 c |
---|---|---|---|
Total arsenicb d | 139 | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.02) |
iAs% d | 139 | 0.60 (−0.41, 1.61) | 0.75 (−0.28, 1.78) |
MMA% d | 139 | 1.03 (0.31–1.76) | 1.13 (0.39–1.88) |
DMA% d | 139 | −0.67 (−1.19, −0.16) | −0.76 (−1.29, −0.24) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wu, F.; Chen, Y.; Navas-Acien, A.; Garabedian, M.L.; Coates, J.; Newman, J.D. Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Metabolism, and Glycemia: Results from a Clinical Population in New York City. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073749
Wu F, Chen Y, Navas-Acien A, Garabedian ML, Coates J, Newman JD. Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Metabolism, and Glycemia: Results from a Clinical Population in New York City. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073749
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Fen, Yu Chen, Ana Navas-Acien, Michela L. Garabedian, Jane Coates, and Jonathan D. Newman. 2021. "Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Metabolism, and Glycemia: Results from a Clinical Population in New York City" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073749