Effect of Three Months Pilates Training on Balance and Fall Risk in Older Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.3. Therapeutic Intervention
- Introduction (approximately 10 min): warm-up, usually in a standing position, to help the participants assume the correct posture and prepare the body for the exercises, including exercises performed in a low position (described below). In addition to exercises that involved assuming and maintaining the correct posture, exercises involving balancing, strengthening or stabilizing the body were also conducted. In this part of the session, the participants learned the proper breathing method for Pilates. The following exercises were performed: pelvis rocking, toes standing, alternating knee lifting with foot point/flex exercises, rising arms up, spine twist and roll down/up.
- Main activity (approximately 30 min): exercises performed in different positions. The positions transitioned fluently from one to another through a slow rolling of the spine. This exercise is characteristic for Pilates and allows the trainee to transition from high positions to low positions and vice versa without rapid changes. It also improves elasticity, spine mobility and proprioception. Next, the participants performed exercises in low positions, i.e., while kneeling on both knees, kneeling on one knee, a four-point kneel and lying on the back, on the side and on the front. Participants also performed coordination and balance exercises. The following exercises were performed: superman, front support, swimming, the swan dive, single leg kick, the saw, the roll up, the hundred, the shoulder bridge, scissors, the one leg circle, arms circle and the side kick series.
- Cool-down (about 5 min): relaxation, stretching, and breathing exercises. The following exercises were performed: the one leg stretch, stretching of the gluteus medium muscles, stretching of the gastrocnemius muscles, body elongation, rest position, spine twist and spine stretch.
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Timed Up and Go
3.2. One Leg Stance Test (OLST)
3.3. Freestep Baropodometric Platform: Assessment of Balance during A One-Leg Stand
3.4. Biosway Platform
3.4.1. Limits of Stability
3.4.2. m-CTSIB
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Experimental Group | Control Group | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Me | SD | Min | Max | N | Me | SD | Min | Max | p | |||
Age (years) | 30 | 67.73 | 67.00 | 4.10 | 61.00 | 77.00 | 20 | 68.10 | 68.00 | 3.35 | 62.00 | 76.00 | 0.741 |
Height (m) | 30 | 1.58 | 1.58 | 0.05 | 1.45 | 1.66 | 20 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 0.06 | 1.47 | 1.70 | 0.134 |
Weight (kg) | 30 | 70.72 | 72.95 | 9.45 | 54.00 | 89.70 | 20 | 71.34 | 71.40 | 12.71 | 52.00 | 110.5 | 0.845 |
BMI | 30 | 28.45 | 28.34 | 3.78 | 22.33 | 38.32 | 5 | 27.73 | 27.84 | 4.11 | 21.93 | 40.60 | 0.539 |
Experimental Group | Control Group | Between Groups Comparison | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | Me | Min | Max | SD | Me | Min | Max | ||||
pretest | 8.41 | 1.50 | 8.34 | 5.00 | 12.65 | 8.71 | 1.43 | 8.69 | 6.59 | 11.65 | p = 0.496 Es = 0.03 |
posttest | 8.84 | 1.63 | 8.66 | 6.31 | 13.57 | 9.53 | 1.04 | 9.58 | 7.12 | 11.28 | p = 0.097 Es = 0.07 |
Pre to post-test comparison | p = 0.148, Es = 0.27 | p = 0.009 *, Es = 0.64 |
Experimental Group | Control Group | Between Groups Comparison | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | Me | Min | Max | SD | Me | Min | Max | |||||
Right leg | pretest | 22.67 | 9.85 | 30.00 | 2.69 | 30.00 | 22.51 | 10.35 | 30.00 | 5.00 | 30.00 | p = 0.835 Es = 0.01 |
posttest | 22.54 | 10.18 | 29.55 | 3.00 | 30.00 | 20.62 | 10.49 | 24.40 | 1.31 | 30.00 | p = 0.620 ES = 0.20 | |
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.879, Es = 0.01 | p = 0.424, Es = 0.23 | ||||||||||
Left leg | pretest | 17.82 | 10.93 | 17.00 | 1.00 | 30.00 | 19.87 | 10.84 | 22.00 | 1.84 | 30.00 | p = 0.458 Es = 0.21 |
posttest | 21.60 | 8.62 | 21.88 | 4.66 | 30.00 | 18.62 | 10.11 | 20.11 | 1.00 | 30.00 | p = 0.941 Es = 0.30 | |
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.078, Es = 0.31 | p = 0.653, Es = 0.09 | ||||||||||
Dominant leg | pretest | 21.62 | 10.30 | 27.50 | 2.69 | 30.00 | 21.40 | 9.96 | 26.50 | 3.34 | 30.00 | p = 0.965 Es = 0.02 |
posttest | 23.09 | 9.40 | 29.55 | 3.00 | 30.00 | 20.85 | 9.48 | 22.73 | 1.31 | 30.00 | p = 0.772 Es = 0.22 | |
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.506, Es = 0.12 | p = 0.778, Es = 0.06 |
Experimental Group | Control Group | Between Groups Comparison | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | Me | Min | Max | SD | Me | Min | Max | ||||||
Right leg | Surface of ellipse (cm) | pretest | 1749.45 | 2235.25 | 946.20 | 127.80 | 9145.91 | 3456.01 | 3634.55 | 1593.95 | 256.39 | 8888.10 | p = 0.098 Es = 0.48 |
posttest | 567.42 | 370.54 | 486.01 | 198.30 | 1592.88 | 1556.95 | 2327.15 | 629.74 | 195.09 | 8443.99 | p = 0.135 Es = 0.44 | ||
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.004 *, Es = 0.54 | p = 0.155, Es = 0.72 | |||||||||||
Length of displacement (mm) | pretest | 596.26 | 207.40 | 531.82 | 371.13 | 1148.00 | 603.79 | 254.32 | 512.09 | 349.50 | 1008.91 | p = 0.945 Es = 0.75 | |
posttest | 490.62 | 89.93 | 486.39 | 310.95 | 678.36 | 501.89 | 111.85 | 495.75 | 312.51 | 655.40 | p = 0.642 Es = 0.52 | ||
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.057, Es = 47 | p = 0.248, Es = 0.38 | |||||||||||
Mean velocity (mm/s) | pretest | 48.84 | 19.91 | 43.02 | 27.19 | 101.64 | 49.99 | 24.21 | 40.99 | 21.07 | 89.36 | p = 0.051 Es = 0.16 | |
posttest | 37.54 | 8.10 | 35.62 | 22.97 | 53.18 | 38.64 | 10.61 | 37.94 | 20.14 | 57.13 | p = 0.255 Es = 0.11 | ||
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.026 *, Es = 0.67 | p = 0.109, Es = 0.46 | |||||||||||
Left leg | Surface of ellipse (cm) | pretest | 971.55 | 1251.66 | 700.14 | 246.43 | 6262.33 | 1000.15 | 1258.69 | 677.46 | 260.53 | 5141.94 | p = 0.992 Es = 0.11 |
posttest | 702.30 | 654.86 | 564.43 | 179.55 | 3350.45 | 1293.56 | 1752.40 | 818.89 | 244.67 | 7098.40 | p = 0.389 Es = 0.29 | ||
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.263, Es = 30 | p = 0.826, Es = 0.56 | |||||||||||
Length of displacement (mm) | pretest | 545.28 | 106.83 | 534.00 | 364.83 | 909.96 | 576.07 | 190.12 | 563.14 | 280.27 | 1134.69 | p = 0.2544 Es = 0.43 | |
posttest | 556.81 | 143.62 | 522.77 | 415.66 | 1105.05 | 583.58 | 141.39 | 562.46 | 336.47 | 837.50 | p = 0.7892 Es = 0.08 | ||
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.592, Es = 0.08 | p = 0.551, Es = 0.03 | |||||||||||
Mean velocity (mm/s) | pretest | 40.41 | 13.37 | 37.75 | 21.88 | 87.39 | 44.23 | 21.71 | 43.31 | 22.24 | 112.19 | p = 0.110 Es = 0.38 | |
posttest | 36.77 | 13.28 | 33.67 | 22.67 | 90.39 | 42.00 | 16.11 | 34.37 | 25.19 | 77.53 | p = 0.759 Es = 0.52 | ||
Pre- to post-test comparison | p = 0.072, Es = 0.20 | p = 0.875, Es = 0.09 |
Experimental Group | Control Group | Between Groups Comparison | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | Me | Min | Max | SD | Me | Min | Max | |||||
Limits of Stability | pretest | 27.850 | 9.366 | 28.000 | 9.000 | 45.000 | 30.300 | 9.398 | 29.000 | 13.000 | 44.000 | p = 0.738 Es = 0.24 |
posttest | 38.250 | 13.981 | 36.500 | 14.000 | 65.000 | 34.550 | 9.378 | 36.000 | 16.000 | 49.000 | p = 0.675 Es = 0.37 | |
Pre to post-test comparison | p = 0.005 *, Es = 0.68 | p = 0.015 *, Es = 0.59 | ||||||||||
m-CTSIB eyes open stable surface | pretest | 0.775 | 0.316 | 0.710 | 0.270 | 1.750 | 0.763 | 0.278 | 0.675 | 0.430 | 1.590 | p = 0.866 Es = 0.01 |
posttest | 0.772 | 0.313 | 0.720 | 0.420 | 2.120 | 0.662 | 0.233 | 0.645 | 0.330 | 1.240 | p = 0.127 Es = 0.01 | |
Pre to post-test comparison | p = 0.674, Es = 0.02 | p = 0.117, Es = 0.36 | ||||||||||
m-CTSIB eyes closed stable surface | pretest | 0.742 | 0.286 | 0.700 | 0.400 | 1.710 | 0.817 | 0.327 | 0.710 | 0.460 | 1.740 | p = 0.411 Es = 0.01 |
posttest | 0.688 | 0.230 | 0.675 | 0.390 | 1.320 | 0.744 | 0.372 | 0.590 | 0.370 | 1.580 | p = 0.759 Es = 0.01 | |
Pre to post-test comparison | p = 0.245, Es = 0.21 | p = 0.104, Es = 0.30 | ||||||||||
m-CTSIB eyes open unstable surface | pretest | 1.805 | 0.321 | 1.855 | 1.260 | 2.440 | 1.769 | 0.289 | 1.795 | 1.380 | 2.360 | p = 0.649 Es = 0.01 |
posttest | 1.780 | 0.407 | 1.865 | 0.970 | 2.860 | 1.665 | 0.233 | 1.725 | 1.230 | 1.970 | p = 0.195 Es = 0.01 | |
Pre to post-test comparison | p = 0.690, Es = 0.07 | p = 0.107, Es = 0.37 | ||||||||||
m-CTSIB eyes closed unstable surface | pretest | 2.936 | 0.620 | 2.750 | 1.770 | 4.820 | 2.791 | 0.614 | 2.640 | 2.050 | 4.570 | p = 0.223 Es = 0.01 |
posttest | 2.752 | 0.784 | 2.640 | 1.590 | 4.820 | 2.492 | 0.550 | 2.530 | 1.620 | 3.880 | p = 0.216 Es = 0.04 | |
Pre to post-test comparison | p = 0.041 *, Es = 0.18 | p = 0.065, Es = 0.42 |
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Długosz-Boś, M.; Filar-Mierzwa, K.; Stawarz, R.; Ścisłowska-Czarnecka, A.; Jankowicz-Szymańska, A.; Bac, A. Effect of Three Months Pilates Training on Balance and Fall Risk in Older Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073663
Długosz-Boś M, Filar-Mierzwa K, Stawarz R, Ścisłowska-Czarnecka A, Jankowicz-Szymańska A, Bac A. Effect of Three Months Pilates Training on Balance and Fall Risk in Older Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073663
Chicago/Turabian StyleDługosz-Boś, Małgorzata, Katarzyna Filar-Mierzwa, Robert Stawarz, Anna Ścisłowska-Czarnecka, Agnieszka Jankowicz-Szymańska, and Aneta Bac. 2021. "Effect of Three Months Pilates Training on Balance and Fall Risk in Older Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073663