The Factors Associated with Attempted Smoking Cessation and Successful Four-Week Smoking Abstinence According to the Types of Disability in Seoul, Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.3. Smoking-Related Characteristics
2.4. Counseling Process
2.4.1. Counseling for Visual Impairment
2.4.2. Counseling for Hearing Impairment
2.4.3. Counseling for Mental Health Disorders
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Smoking-Related Characteristics
3.2.1. Smoking-Related Characteristics by Disability Type
3.2.2. Attempted Smoking Cessation and Successful Four-Week Smoking Abstinence by Smoking-Related Characteristics
3.2.3. Factors Associated with Attempted Smoking Cessation and Successful Four-Week Smoking Abstinence
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Disability Types (n = 557) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain Lesions N = 200(%) | Physical Disabilities N = 137(%) | Visual Impairment N = 28(%) | Hearing Impairment N = 13(%) | Internal Disorders N = 34(%) | Mental Disorders N = 145(%) | 557(%) or M ± SD | p | ||
Gender | |||||||||
Female | 5 (2.5) | 8 (5.8) | 2 (7.1) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (5.9) | 13 (9) | 31 (5.6) | 0.218 | |
Male | 195 (97.5) | 129 (94.2) | 26 (92.9) | 12 (92.3) | 32 (94.1) | 132 (91) | 526 (94.4) | ||
Age | M ± SD | 54.36 ± 13.58 | 54.72 ± 13.21 | 46.00 ± 15.40 | 49.23 ± 14.85 | 54.24 ± 12.31 | 48.01 ± 15.36 | 52.25 ± 14.32 | <0.001 |
≤20 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (2.5) | <0.001 | |
21–30 | 8 (4.0) | 7 (5.1) | 4 (14.3) | 1 (7.7) | 13 (9.0) | 2 (5.9) | 35 (6.3) | ||
31–40 | 27 (13.5) | 12 (8.8) | 6 (21.4) | 3 (23.1) | 12 (8.3) | 3 (8.8) | 63 (11.3) | ||
41–50 | 36 (18.0) | 28 (20.4) | 9 (32.1) | 3 (23.1) | 34 (23.4) | 2 (5.9) | 112 (20.1) | ||
51–60 | 56 (28.0) | 44 (32.1) | 5 (17.9) | 3 (23.1) | 46 (31.7) | 19 (55.9) | 173 (31.1) | ||
61–70 | 50 (25.0) | 30 (21.9) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (15.4) | 19 (13.1) | 5 (14.7) | 107 (19.2) | ||
≥71 | 22 (11.0) | 15 (10.9) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (7.7) | 9 (6.2) | 3 (8.8) | 53 (9.5) | ||
Education level | |||||||||
Uneducated or elementary education | 13(6.5) | 16 (11.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (8.8) | 14 (9.7) | 47 (8.4) | 0.015 | |
Middle | 21 (10.5) | 18 (13.1) | 3 (10.7) | 3 (23.1) | 1 (2.9) | 14 (9.7) | 60 (10.8) | ||
High | 66 (33.0) | 42 (30.7) | 13 (46.4) | 3 (23.1) | 10 (29.4) | 51 (35.2) | 185 (33.2) | ||
College | 63 (31.5) | 29 (21.2) | 6 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (20.6) | 22 (15.2) | 127 (22.8) | ||
No response | 37(18.5) | 32 (23.4) | 6 (21.4) | 6 (46.2) | 13 (38.2) | 44 (30.3) | 138 (24.8) | ||
Employment status | |||||||||
Yes | 75 (37.5) | 37 (27.0) | 18 (64.3) | 2 (15.4) | 9 (26.5) | 32 (22.1) | 173 (31.1) | <0.001 | |
No | 93 (46.5) | 75 (54.7) | 8 (28.6) | 4 (30.8) | 19 (55.9) | 80 (55.2) | 279 (50.1) | ||
No response | 32(16.0) | 25 (18.2) | 2 (7.1) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (17.6) | 33 (22.8) | 105 (18.9) | ||
Drinking | |||||||||
No | 118 (59.0) | 64 (46.7) | 10 (35.7) | 8 (61.5) | 13 (38.2) | 82 (56.6) | 295 (53.0) | 0.028 | |
Yes | 82 (41.0) | 73 (53.3) | 18 (64.3) | 5 (38.5) | 21 (61.8) | 63 (43.4) | 262 (47.0) | ||
Exercise | |||||||||
No | 62 (31.0) | 56 (40.9) | 11 (39.3) | 5 (38.5) | 17 (50.0) | 59 (40.7) | 210 (37.7) | 0.207 | |
Yes | 138 (69.0) | 81 (59.1) | 17 (60.7) | 8 (61.5) | 17 (50.0) | 86 (59.3) | 347 (62.3) |
Variable | Disability Types (n = 557) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain Lesions N = 200(%) | Physical Disabilities N = 137(%) | Visual Impairment N = 28(%) | Hearing Impairment N = 13(%) | Internal Disorders N = 34(%) | Mental Disorders N = 145(%) | Total N = 557(%) | p | ||
CO level (ppm) | M ± SD | 6.79 ± 6.50 | 7.91 ± 6.02 | 9.54 ± 7.06 | 7.31 ± 4.82 | 7.94 ± 6.31 | 12.08 ± 8.27 | 8.66 ± 7.18 | <0.001 |
0~6 | 118 (59.0) | 57 (41.6) | 12 (42.9) | 6 (46.2) | 16 (47.1) | 39 (26.9) | 248 (44.5) | <0.001 | |
7~10 | 41 (20.5) | 42 (30.7) | 6 (21.4) | 3 (23.1) | 7 (20.6) | 36 (24.8) | 135 (24.2) | ||
11~20 | 31 (15.5) | 32 (23.4) | 7 (25.0) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (26.5) | 48 (33.1) | 131 (23.5) | ||
≥21 | 10 (5.0) | 6 (4.4) | 3 (10.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.9) | 22 (15.2) | 43 (7.7) | ||
Nicotine dependence | M ± SD | 3.38 ± 2.57 | 3.61 ± 2.60 | 3.14 ± 2.17 | 3.77 ± 2.71 | 4.21 ± 2.48 | 3.81 ± 2.34 | 3.60 ± 2.50 | 0.208 |
Low (0~3) | 99 (49.5) | 61 (44.5) | 17 (60.7) | 6 (46.2) | 12 (35.3) | 60 (41.4) | 255 (45.8) | 0.627 | |
Mild (4~6) | 77 (38.5) | 61 (44.5) | 8 (28.6) | 6 (46.2) | 17 (50.0) | 62 (42.8) | 231 (41.5) | ||
High (≥7) | 24 (12.0) | 15 (10.9) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (7.7) | 5 (14.7) | 23 (15.9) | 71 (12.7) | ||
Daily cigarette consumption | M ± SD | 14.57 ± 9.97 | 14.23 ± 9.31 | 13.61 ± 8.04 | 18.23 ± 14.45 | 15.15 ± 7.77 | 15.54 ± 9.92 | 14.81 ± 9.70 | 0.294 |
0–4 | 30 (15.0) | 15 (10.9) | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.9) | 18 (12.4) | 69 (12.4) | 0.533 | |
5–9 | 29 (14.5) | 23 (16.8) | 3 (10.7) | 3 (23.1) | 4 (11.8) | 17 (11.7) | 79 (14.2) | ||
10–14 | 44 (22.0) | 28 (20.4) | 8 (28.6) | 3 (23.1) | 9 (26.5) | 33 (22.8) | 125 (22.4) | ||
15–19 | 9 (4.5) | 19 (13.9) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (11.8) | 10 (6.9) | 46 (8.3) | ||
≥20 | 88 (44.0) | 52 (38.0) | 10 (35.7) | 6 (46.2) | 15 (44.1) | 67 (46.2) | 238 (42.7) | ||
Age of first smoking (year) | M ± SD | 19.33 ± 4.96 | 20.74 ± 7.34 | 19.68 ± 3.52 | 20.62 ± 5.01 | 20.62 ± 8.78 | 20.19 ± 5.81 | 20.03 ± 6.07 | 0.338 |
0–12 | 6 (3.0) | 6 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.8) | 19 (3.4) | 0.489 | |
13–15 | 31 (15.5) | 12 (8.8) | 2 (7.1) | 1 (7.7) | 7 (20.6) | 11 (7.6) | 64 (11.5) | ||
16~18 | 55 (27.5) | 37 (27.0) | 7 (25.0) | 4 (30.8) | 9 (26.5) | 37 (25.5) | 149 (26.8) | ||
≥19 | 108 (54.0) | 82 (59.9) | 19 (67.9) | 8 (61.5) | 18 (52.9) | 90 (62.1) | 325 (58.3) | ||
Smoking period (year) | M ± SD | 36.18 ± 13.86 | 35.27 ± 14.32 | 27.86 ± 15.77 | 30.08 ± 13.89 | 34.50 ± 14.80 | 29.50 ± 15.37 | 33.55 ± 14.79 | <0.001 |
Smoking quit attempt | |||||||||
No | 117 (58.5) | 97 (70.8) | 23 (82.1) | 12 (92.3) | 26 (76.5) | 123 (84.8) | 398 (71.5) | <0.001 | |
Yes | 83 (41.5) | 40 (29.2) | 5 (17.9) | 1 (7.7) | 8 (23.5) | 22 (15.2) | 159 (28.5) | ||
Successful 4 week smoking | |||||||||
No | 157 (78.5) | 124 (90.5) | 24 (85.7) | 12 (92.3) | 28 (82.4) | 138 (95.2) | 483 (86.7) | <0.001 | |
Yes | 43 (21.5) | 13 (9.5) | 4 (14.3) | 1 (7.7) | 6 (17.6) | 7 (4.8) | 74 (13.3) | ||
Frequency of counseling | M ± SD | 3.53 ± 4.03 | 2.80 ± 2.87 | 5.50 ± 4.74 | 1.38 ± 0.65 | 3.03 ± 3.36 | 2.95 ± 2.81 | 3.22 ± 3.48 | 0.001 |
1 | 84 (42.2) | 53 (38.7) | 7 (25.0) | 9 (69.2) | 15 (44.1) | 54 (37.2) | 222 (39.9) | 0.081 | |
2 | 44 (22.1) | 42 (30.7) | 6 (21.4) | 3 (23.1) | 8 (23.5) | 41 (28.3) | 144 (25.9) | ||
≥3 | 71 (35.7) | 42 (30.7) | 15 (53.6) | 1 (7.7) | 11 (32.4) | 50 (34.5) | 190 (34.2) | ||
Motivation rulers | |||||||||
Importance | M ± SD | 8.09 ± 2.31 | 7.74 ± 2.49 | 7.68 ± 2.34 | 7.46 ± 3.60 | 8.06 ± 2.39 | 7.32 ± 2.52 | 7.77 ± 2.46 | 0.114 |
Confidence | M ± SD | 6.40 ± 2.86 | 5.82 ± 3.01 | 5.75 ± 3.07 | 6.38 ± 3.18 | 5.38 ± 2.88 | 5.32 ± 2.68 | 5.88 ± 2.89 | 0.019 |
Readiness | M ± SD | 6.61 ± 2.96 | 6.09 ± 3.12 | 5.64 ± 3.13 | 5.85 ± 3.31 | 5.18 ± 2.81 | 5.32 ± 2.83 | 5.99 ± 3.01 | 0.002 |
Variable | Total N = 557(%) | Attempted Smoking Cessation | Successful 4-Week Smoking Abstinence | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No N = 398(%) | Yes N = 159(%) | p | No N = 483(%) | Yes N = 74(%) | p | |||
CO level (ppm) | M ± SD | 8.66 ± 7.18 | 9.83 ± 7.15 | 5.75 ± 6.41 | <0.001 | 9.40 ± 7.08 | 3.84 ± 5.88 | <0.001 |
0~6 | 248 (44.5) | 141 (35.4) | 107 (67.3) | <0.001 | 187 (38.7) | 61 (82.4) | <0.001 | |
7~10 | 135 (24.2) | 113 (28.4) | 22 (13.8) | 127 (26.3) | 8 (10.8) | |||
11~20 | 131 (23.5) | 107 (26.9) | 24 (15.1) | 128 (26.5) | 3 (4.1) | |||
≥21 | 43 (7.7) | 37 (9.3) | 6 (3.8) | 41 (8.5) | 2 (2.7) | |||
Nicotine dependence | M ± SD | 3.60 ± 2.50 | 3.61 ± 2.43 | 3.57 ± 2.68 | 0.856 | 3.64 ± 2.44 | 3.34 ± 2.86 | 0.395 |
Low (0~3) | 255 (45.8) | 181 (45.5) | 74 (46.5) | 0.313 | 217 (44.9) | 38 (51.4) | 0.216 | |
Mild (4~6) | 231 (41.5) | 171 (43.0) | 60 (37.7) | 207 (42.9) | 24 (32.4) | |||
High (≥7) | 71 (12.7) | 46 (11.6) | 25 (15.7) | 59 (12.2) | 12 (16.2) | |||
Cigarettes per day | M ± SD | 14.81 ± 9.70 | 14.51 ± 9.13 | 15.55 ± 10.98 | 0.291 | 14.82 ± 9.38 | 14.76 ± 11.66 | 0.966 |
0–4 | 69 (12.4) | 43 (10.8) | 26 (16.4) | 0.054 | 54 (11.2) | 15 (20.3) | 0.106 | |
5–9 | 79 (14.2) | 60 (15.1) | 19 (11.9) | 68 (14.1) | 11 (14.9) | |||
10–14 | 125 (22.4) | 98 (24.6) | 27 (17.0) | 115 (23.8) | 10 (13.5) | |||
15–19 | 46 (8.3) | 36 (9.0) | 10 (6.3) | 41 (8.5) | 5 (6.8) | |||
≥20 | 238 (42.7) | 161 (40.5) | 77 (48.4) | 205 (42.4) | 33 (44.6) | |||
Age of first smoking (year) | M ± SD | 20.03 ± 6.07 | 20.02 ± 6.03 | 20.05 ± 6.18 | 0.954 | 20.14 ± 6.26 | 19.27 ± 4.60 | 0.250 |
0–12 | 19 (3.4) | 13 (3.3) | 6 (3.8) | 0.434 | 17 (3.5) | 2 (2.7) | 0.207 | |
13–15 | 64 (11.5) | 47 (11.8) | 17 (10.7) | 55 (11.4) | 9 (12.2) | |||
16~18 | 149 (26.8) | 99 (24.9) | 50 (31.4) | 122 (25.3) | 27 (36.5) | |||
≥19 | 325 (58.3) | 239 (60.1) | 86 (54.1) | 289 (59.8) | 36 (48.6) | |||
Frequency of counseling | M ± SD | 3.22 ± 3.48 | 2.71 ± 2.90 | 4.50 ± 4.36 | <0.001 | 2.48 ± 2.67 | 8.07 ± 4.20 | <0.001 |
1 | 223 (40.0) | 163 (41.1) | 59 (37.1) | <0.001 | 222 (46.1) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | |
2 | 144 (25.9) | 122 (30.7) | 22 (13.8) | 138 (28.6) | 6 (8.1) | |||
≥3 | 190 (34.1) | 112 (28.2) | 78 (49.1) | 122 (25.3) | 68 (91.9) |
Variable | Attempted Smoking Cessation | Successful 4-Week Smoking Abstinence |
---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
Disability types | ||
Mental health disorders | 1 | 1 |
Physical disabilities | 3.97 (2.32–6.76) *** | 5.40 (2.35–12.39) *** |
Brain lesions | 2.30 (1.29–4.14) ** | 2.07 (0.80–5.35) |
Visual impairment | 1.22 (0.42–3.54) | 3.29 (0.89–12.09) |
Hearing impairment | 0.47 (0.06–3.77) | 1.64 (0.19–14.49) |
Internal disorders | 1.72 (0.69–4.29) | 4.22 (1.32–13.53) * |
Drinking | ||
Yes | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.98 (0.66–1.47) | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) |
Education level | ||
≤Middle school | 1 | 1 |
≥High school | 2.01 (1.37–2.97) *** | 3.27 (1.83–5.85) *** |
Employment status | ||
No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.79 (1.21–2.63) ** | 1.62 (0.98–2.68) |
CO Level | ||
≥7 | 1 | 1 |
0–6 | 3.32 (2.18–5.06) *** | 5.20 (2.68–10.09) *** |
Total smoking length | ||
≥20 year | 1 | 1 |
≤20 year | 0.95 (0.55–1.62) | 0.92 (0.45–1.91) |
Motivation rulers | ||
Importance | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.04 (0.90–1.19) |
Confidence | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) * |
Readiness | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.08 (0.93–1.24) |
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Kang, H.-N.-R.; Lee, K.-S.; Koh, J.; Park, Y.; Shin, H. The Factors Associated with Attempted Smoking Cessation and Successful Four-Week Smoking Abstinence According to the Types of Disability in Seoul, Korea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073548
Kang H-N-R, Lee K-S, Koh J, Park Y, Shin H. The Factors Associated with Attempted Smoking Cessation and Successful Four-Week Smoking Abstinence According to the Types of Disability in Seoul, Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073548
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Han-Nu-Ri, Kang-Sook Lee, JuYeon Koh, YuJin Park, and HyunKyung Shin. 2021. "The Factors Associated with Attempted Smoking Cessation and Successful Four-Week Smoking Abstinence According to the Types of Disability in Seoul, Korea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3548. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073548