Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Outcomes: The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
2.3.2. Exposure: Work-Related Traumatic Events Checklist
2.3.3. Covariates
Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ)
Tachikawa Resilience Scale (TRS)
2.3.4. Demographics and Characteristics
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n | % | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 43.98 | 12.34 | ||
Years of work experience | 4.86 | 4.17 | ||
Gender | ||||
Male | 36 | 25.7 | ||
Female | 104 | 74.3 | ||
Qualification | ||||
None | 9 | 6.4 | ||
Welfare a | 76 | 54.3 | ||
Psychology | 21 | 15.0 | ||
Medical | 5 | 3.6 | ||
Others | 12 | 8.6 | ||
Multiple | 17 | 12.1 | ||
Job stressors | ||||
Job demand | 10.27 | 1.94 | ||
Job control | 7.25 | 2.10 | ||
Social support from supervisors | 7.79 | 2.05 | ||
Social support from colleagues | 8.36 | 1.96 | ||
TRS score | 44.98 | 10.01 | ||
PCL-5 score | 10.75 | 13.17 |
Once (a) | Two or More Times (b) | (a) + (b) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s) | ||||||
| 11 | 7.9 | 15 | 10.7 | 26 | 18.6 |
| 10 | 7.1 | 22 | 15.7 | 32 | 22.8 |
| 4 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.7 | 5 | 3.6 |
Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others | ||||||
| 6 | 4.3 | 18 | 12.9 | 24 | 17.2 |
| 4 | 2.9 | 13 | 9.3 | 17 | 12.2 |
| 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.4 | 4 | 2.8 |
| 3 | 2.1 | 5 | 3.6 | 8 | 5.7 |
| 5 | 3.6 | 14 | 10.0 | 19 | 13.6 |
Learning that the traumatic event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend | ||||||
| 10 | 7.1 | 20 | 14.3 | 30 | 21.4 |
| 15 | 10.7 | 21 | 15.0 | 36 | 25.7 |
| 4 | 2.9 | 5 | 3.6 | 9 | 6.5 |
Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) | ||||||
| 5 | 3.6 | 93 | 66.4 | 98 | 70.0 |
| 22 | 15.7 | 51 | 36.4 | 73 | 52.1 |
| 8 | 5.7 | 66 | 47.1 | 74 | 52.8 |
Cumulative Number of Types of Work-Related Trauma Events Experienced a | n | % |
---|---|---|
0 | 18 | 12.9 |
1 | 23 | 16.4 |
2 | 16 | 11.4 |
3 | 34 | 24.3 |
4 | 17 | 12.1 |
5 | 13 | 9.3 |
≥6 | 19 | 13.6 |
Univariate | Multivariate (First) | Multivariate (Second) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | SE | 95% CI | Beta | SE | 95% CI | Beta | SE | 95% CI | |
Age | −0.20 | 0.08 | (−0.38, −0.02) * | −0.03 | 0.10 | (−0.23, 0.16) | −0.02 | 0.09 | (−0.21, 0.17) |
Years of work experience | −0.36 | 0.26 | (−0.89, 0.16) | −0.30 | 0.30 | (−0.91, 0.29) | −0.35 | 0.29 | (−0.93, 0.21) |
Gender, women | −0.52 | 2.55 | (−5.57, 4.53) | −0.88 | 2.47 | (−5.77, 4.01) | −1.74 | 2.43 | (−6.55, 3.07) |
TRS score | −0.59 | 0.10 | (−0.79, −0.39) ** | −0.60 | 0.12 | (−0.84, −0.36) ** | −0.60 | 0.11 | (−0.84, −0.36) ** |
Qualification | |||||||||
None | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
Welfare a | 7.00 | 4.59 | (−2.08, 16.09) | 4.37 | 4.48 | (−4.50, 13.25) | 5.82 | 4.38 | (−2.86, 14.50) |
Psychology | 4.01 | 5.19 | (−6.25, 14.28) | 5.78 | 5.02 | (−4.17, 15.74) | 6.23 | 4.93 | (−3.54, 16.01) |
Medical | −2.88 | 7.27 | (−17.27, 11.49) | 1.82 | 7.10 | (−12.23, 15.89) | 3.46 | 7.07 | (−10.54, 17.48) |
Others | −1.38 | 5.74 | (−12.75, 9.98) | 2.41 | 5.48 | (−8.45, 13.29) | 4.08 | 5.37 | (−6.55, 14.73) |
Multiple | 5.58 | 5.37 | (−5.04, 16.21) | 7.40 | 5.18 | (−2.87, 17.68) | 7.65 | 5.13 | (−2.50, 17.82) |
Job stressors | |||||||||
Job demand | 2.04 | 0.55 | (0.95, 3.13) ** | 1.09 | 0.65 | (−0.20, 2.40) | 1.15 | 0.65 | (−0.14, 2.44) |
Job control | −0.95 | 0.52 | (−1.99, 0.08) | 0.04 | 0.61 | (−1.17, 1.25) | 0.04 | 0.58 | (−1.11, 1.21) |
Social support from supervisors | −0.19 | 0.54 | (−1.27, 0.88) | 0.83 | 0.68 | (−0.52, 2.19) | 0.68 | 0.67 | (−0.64, 2.00) |
Social support from colleagues | −0.85 | 0.56 | (−1.97, 0.27) | −0.30 | 0.69 | (−1.67, 1.06) | −0.25 | 0.68 | (−1.61, 1.10) |
Type of traumatic event experienced b | |||||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | |||||||
1 | −2.84 | 3.66 | (−10.09, 4.41) | −0.43 | 3.35 | (−7.07, 6.21) | |||
2 | 0.51 | 3.22 | (−5.86, 6.89) | 2.52 | 2.91 | (−3.24, 8.30) | |||
3 | −3.98 | 6.32 | (−16.49, 8.52) | −8.31 | 5.75 | (−19.70, 3.07) | |||
5 | 3.88 | 4.30 | (−4.62, 12.40) | 1.53 | 3.87 | (−6.15, 9.21) | |||
7 | 12.29 | 5.43 | (1.53, 23.06) * | 11.96 | 4.97 | (2.11, 21.80) * | |||
8 | −3.30 | 3.90 | (−11.02, 4.42) | −1.65 | 3.52 | (−8.63, 5.31) | |||
9 | 0.75 | 3.23 | (−5.63, 7.15) | 1.74 | 2.94 | (−4.09, 7.58) | |||
10 | −1.17 | 2.82 | (−6.76, 4.41) | −1.31 | 2.56 | (−6.40, 3.76) | |||
11 | 5.52 | 5.04 | (−4.45, 15.51) | 4.46 | 4.55 | (−4.56, 13.49) | |||
12 | 0.93 | 2.75 | (−4.50, 6.37) | 0.27 | 2.68 | (−5.04, 5.59) | |||
13 | −0.13 | 2.49 | (−5.07, 4.81) | −0.84 | 2.42 | (−5.64, 3.96) | |||
14 | 1.53 | 2.52 | (−3.47, 6.53) | 1.84 | 2.36 | (−2.83, 6.52) | |||
Cumulative number of types of traumatic events experienced | |||||||||
0 | Reference | Reference | |||||||
1 | 1.93 | 4.14 | (−6.26, 10.13) | 3.22 | 3.72 | (−4.14, 10.59) | |||
2 | 0.54 | 4.52 | (−8.40, 9.50) | −1.55 | 4.15 | (−9.77, 6.66) | |||
3 | 0.19 | 3.84 | (−7.39, 7.79) | 0.40 | 3.70 | (−6.93, 7.74) | |||
4 | −0.30 | 4.45 | (−9.11, 8.51) | 2.04 | 4.42 | (−6.71, 10.81) | |||
5 | 4.11 | 4.79 | (−5.37, 13.59) | 6.51 | 4.64 | (−2.68, 15.70) | |||
≥6 | 8.00 | 4.33 | (−0.56, 16.57) | 8.24 | 4.20 | (−0.07, 16.56) | |||
R2 | 0.36 ** | 0.34 ** | |||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.23 ** | 0.23 ** |
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Kataoka, M.; Nishi, D. Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073541
Kataoka M, Nishi D. Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073541
Chicago/Turabian StyleKataoka, Mayumi, and Daisuke Nishi. 2021. "Association between Work-Related Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Child Welfare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3541. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073541