Associations between Children’s Risky Play and ECEC Outdoor Play Spaces and Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Risky Play
1.2. Risky Play and the Play Environment
1.3. Aim of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure and Data
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Coding of Risky Play
- Play with great heights—e.g., where children climb trees, climbing towers, play-hut roofs. Or jump down from high places such as roofs, play equipment platforms, jumping between tables, etc.
- Play with high speed—e.g., where children slide down slides or hills, swing at high speed, or roll down steep hills sitting on a tricycle, car toy or doll trolley, etc. Cycling, sliding, or swinging at low speed was not considered risky play.
- Play with dangerous tools—e.g., where children play with ropes, hammers and nails, whittle with knives or use saws and axes, etc. Using kitchen knives for e.g., sandwich spread was not considered risky play.
- Play near dangerous elements—e.g., where children play near dangerous elements such as steep cliffs, deep water, fire pits, etc.
- Rough-and-tumble play (R&T)—e.g., where children engage in play fighting, play wrestling, play fencing, chase-and-catch play, etc.
- Play where children go exploring alone—e.g., where children are allowed to wander off into the forest or the neighborhood without the constant supervision of staff.
- Play with impact—e.g., where children repeatedly crash their tricycles, trolleys, or other wheeled toys into the fence or a wall, or where they crash the swing into the pole of the swing set, etc.
- Vicarious play—e.g., where children observe other children taking risks in play, and where the observing child shows clear signs of being exhilarated by what he or she observes.
2.5. Coding of Play Spaces and Play Materials
2.6. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Risky Play
3.2. Play with High Speed
3.3. Play with Great Heights
3.4. Rough-and-Tumble Play
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Variable | Mean | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child age | 4.2 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 5.8 |
Total risky play | 13.2% | 28.1 | 0 | 100 |
Speed | 5.6% | 19.1 | 0 | 100 |
Heights | 4.8% | 17.9 | 0 | 100 |
R&T * | 1.8% | 10.8 | 0 | 100 |
Impact | 0.3% | 3.5 | 0 | 69 |
Vicarious | 0.3% | 3.2 | 0 | 52 |
Spaces | ||||
Pathways | 4.3% | 14.9 | 0 | 100 |
Nature | 5.9% | 21.6 | 0 | 100 |
Open area | 52.2% | 41.9 | 0 | 100 |
Fixed functional | 15.0% | 32.9 | 0 | 100 |
Fixed other | 6.6% | 20.5 | 0 | 100 |
Materials | ||||
Natural materials | 13.7% | 30.7 | 0 | 100 |
Open materials | 7.3% | 23.0 | 0 | 100 |
Wheeled toys | 13.3% | 32.1 | 0 | 100 |
Model | M0 | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed part | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) |
Intercept | 13 (1) | 3 (2) | 4 (3) | −12 (6) |
Spaces | ||||
Pathways | 0.00 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.06) | |
Nature | 0.12 (0.05) ** | 0.15 (0.05) ** | 0.14 (0.05) ** | |
Open area | 0.06 (0.03) * | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | |
Fixed functional | 0.38 (0.03) *** | 0.38 (0.03) *** | 0.38 (0.03) *** | |
Fixed other | 0.10 (0.05) * | 0.11 (0.05) * | 0.10 (0.05) * | |
Materials | ||||
Natural materials | −0.09 (0.03) ** | −0.08 (0.03) ** | ||
Open materials | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | ||
Wheeled toys | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.03) * | ||
Child variables | ||||
Age | 3.4 (1.4) * | |||
Boy | 2.7 (2.1) | |||
Random part | ||||
Level 1 Variance | 742 (36) | 623 (30) | 611 (30) | 607 (30) |
Level 2 Variance | 44 (17) | 45 (16) | 48 (16) | 45 (16) |
Deviance | 8876 | 8719 | 8705 | 8696 |
AIC | 8882 | 8735 | 8727 | 8722 |
BIC | 8897 | 8773 | 8780 | 8785 |
Model | M0 | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed part | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) |
Intercept | 6 (1) | −1 (2) | 0 (2) | −2 (4) |
Spaces | ||||
Pathways | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | |
Nature | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | |
Open area | 0.05 (0.02) ** | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | |
Fixed functional | 0.23 (0.02) *** | 0.23 (0.02) *** | 0.23 (0.02) *** | |
Fixed other | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | |
Materials | ||||
Natural materials | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | ||
Open materials | −0.05 (0.03) * | −0.05 (0.03) * | ||
Wheeled toys | 0.09 (0.02) *** | 0.09 (0.02) *** | ||
Child variables | ||||
Age | 0.1 (1.0) | |||
Boy | 2.2 (1.5) | |||
Random part | ||||
Level 1 Variance | 352 (17) | 305 (15) | 292 (14) | 292 (14) |
Level 2 Variance | 18 (7) | 16 (7) | 19 (8) | 18 (7) |
Deviance | 8163 | 8040 | 8008 | 8006 |
AIC | 8169 | 8056 | 8030 | 8032 |
BIC | 8184 | 8094 | 8083 | 8095 |
Model | M0 | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed part | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) |
Intercept | 5 (1) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | −3 (4) |
Spaces | ||||
Pathways | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | |
Nature | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | |
Open area | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | |
Fixed functional | 0.14 (0.02) *** | 0.15 (0.02) *** | 0.15 (0.02) *** | |
Fixed other | 0.11 (0.03) ** | 0.11 (0.03) ** | 0.11 (0.03) *** | |
Materials | ||||
Natural materials | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | ||
Open materials | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.02) | ||
Wheeled toys | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | ||
Child variables | ||||
Age | 1.1 (0.9) | |||
Boy | −0.5 (1.3) | |||
Random part | ||||
Level 1 Variance | 307 (15) | 282 (14) | 276 (13) | 275 (13) |
Level 2 Variance | 12 (6) | 12 (6) | 10 (6) | 10 (5) |
Deviance | 8039 | 7960 | 7937 | 7935 |
AIC | 8045 | 7976 | 7959 | 7961 |
BIC | 8059 | 8014 | 8012 | 8024 |
Model | M0 | M1 | M2 | M3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed part | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) | Coeff. (SD) |
Intercept | 2 (0) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | −6 (3) |
Spaces | ||||
Pathways | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | |
Nature | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | |
Open area | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | |
Fixed functional | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | |
Fixed other | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | |
Materials | ||||
Natural materials | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | ||
Open materials | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | ||
Wheeled toys | −0.03 (0.01) * | −0.03 (0.01) * | ||
Child variables | ||||
Age | 1.5 (0.5) ** | |||
Boy | 1.9 (0.8) * | |||
Random part | ||||
Level 1 Variance | 111 (5) | 110 (5) | 109 (5) | 108 (5) |
Level 2 Variance | 5 (2) | 5 (2) | 5 (2) | 4 (2) |
Deviance | 7092 | 7086 | 7077 | 7063 |
AIC | 7098 | 7102 | 7099 | 7089 |
BIC | 7112 | 7141 | 7152 | 7152 |
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Sandseter, E.B.H.; Sando, O.J.; Kleppe, R. Associations between Children’s Risky Play and ECEC Outdoor Play Spaces and Materials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073354
Sandseter EBH, Sando OJ, Kleppe R. Associations between Children’s Risky Play and ECEC Outdoor Play Spaces and Materials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073354
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandseter, Ellen Beate Hansen, Ole Johan Sando, and Rasmus Kleppe. 2021. "Associations between Children’s Risky Play and ECEC Outdoor Play Spaces and Materials" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3354. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073354