24-h Movement Guidelines and Substance Use among Adolescents: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.1.1. Independent Variables
2.1.2. Outcome Variables
2.1.3. Covariates
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Schulte, M.T.; Hser, Y.-I. Substance Use and Associated Health Conditions throughout the Lifespan. Public Health Rev. 2014, 35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER Package; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Nazir, M.A.; Al-Ansari, A.; Abbasi, N.; Almas, K. Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 3659–3666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boak, A.; Hamilton, H.A.; Adlaf, E.M.; Mann, R.E. Drug Use among Ontario Students, 1977–2017: Detailed Findings from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS) (CAMH Research Document Series No. 46); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Rehm, J.; Shield, K.D.; Joharchi, N.; Shuper, P.A. Alcohol consumption and the intention to engage in unprotected sex: Systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. Addiction 2012, 107, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hingson, R.W.; Heeren, T.; Jamanka, A.; Howland, J. Age of Drinking Onset and Unintentional Injury Involvement after Drinking. JAMA 2000, 284, 1527–1533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Health Canada. Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey—2016–2017 Supplementary Tables; Health Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Shapiro, G.K.; Buckley-Hunter, L. What every adolescent needs to know: Cannabis can cause psychosis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2010, 69, 533–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Roffman, R. Legalization of cannabis in Washington State: How is it going? Addiction 2016, 111, 1139–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Boak, A.; Elton-Marshall, T.; Mann, R.E.; Hamilton, H.A. Drug Use among Ontario Students, 1977–2019: Detailed Findings from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS); Centre for Addiction and Mental Health: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Poitras, V.J.; Gray, C.E.; Borghese, M.M.; Carson, V.; Chaput, J.-P.; Janssen, I.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Pate, R.R.; Connor Gorber, S.; Kho, M.E. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, S197–S239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tremblay, M.S.; LeBlanc, A.G.; Kho, M.E.; Saunders, T.J.; Larouche, R.; Colley, R.C.; Goldfield, G.; Connor Gorber, S. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chaput, J.-P.; Gray, C.E.; Poitras, V.J.; Carson, V.; Gruber, R.; Olds, T.; Weiss, S.K.; Connor Gorber, S.; Kho, M.E.; Sampson, M. Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, S266–S282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirshkowitz, M.; Whiton, K.; Albert, S.M.; Alessi, C.; Bruni, O.; DonCarlos, L.; Hazen, N.; Herman, J.; Katz, E.S.; Kheirandish-Gozal, L.; et al. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 2015, 1, 40–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brellenthin, A.G.; Lee, D. Physical Activity and the Development of Substance Use Disorders: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Prog. Prev. Med. (N. Y.) 2018, 3, e0018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, J.D.; Witherspoon, E.M. The mass media and American adolescents’ health. J. Adolesc. Health 2002, 31, 153–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ströhle, A.; Hoefler, M.; Pfister, H.; Mueller, A.-G.; Hoyer, J.; Wittchen, H.-U.; Lieb, R. Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychol. Med. 2007, 37, 1657–1666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sampasa-Kanyinga, H.; Chaput, J.P. Use of social networking sites and alcohol consumption among adolescents. Public Health 2016, 139, 88–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampasa-Kanyinga, H.; Hamilton, H.A. Use of social networking sites, electronic cigarettes, and waterpipes among adolescents. Public Health 2018, 164, 99–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pasch, K.E.; Latimer, L.A.; Cance, J.D.; Moe, S.G.; Lytle, L.A. Longitudinal bi-directional relationships between sleep and youth substance use. J. Youth Adolesc. 2012, 41, 1184–1196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miller, M.B.; Janssen, T.; Jackson, K.M. The Prospective Association Between Sleep and Initiation of Substance Use in Young Adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 2017, 60, 154–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tremblay, M.S.; Carson, V.; Chaput, J.P.; Connor Gorber, S.; Dinh, T.; Duggan, M.; Faulkner, G.; Gray, C.E.; Gruber, R.; Janson, K.; et al. Canadian 24-h Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41, S311–S327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Knell, G.; Durand, C.P.; Kohl, H.W., 3rd; Wu, I.H.C.; Pettee Gabriel, K. Prevalence and Likelihood of Meeting Sleep, Physical Activity, and Screen-Time Guidelines Among US Youth. JAMA Pediatr. 2019, 173, 387–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearson, N.; Sherar, L.B.; Hamer, M. Prevalence and Correlates of Meeting Sleep, Screen-Time, and Physical Activity Guidelines Among Adolescents in the United Kingdom. JAMA Pediatr. 2019, 173, 993–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, J.J.; Barnes, J.D.; Cameron, J.D.; Goldfield, G.S.; Chaput, J.P.; Gunnell, K.E.; Ledoux, A.A.; Zemek, R.L.; Tremblay, M.S. Associations between 24 h movement behaviours and global cognition in US children: A cross-sectional observational study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 2018, 2, 783–791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssen, I.; Roberts, K.C.; Thompson, W. Adherence to the 24-h Movement Guidelines among 10- to 17-year-old Canadians. Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can. 2017, 37, 369–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roman-Vinas, B.; Chaput, J.P.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Fogelholm, M.; Lambert, E.V.; Maher, C.; Maia, J.; Olds, T.; Onywera, V.; Sarmiento, O.L.; et al. Proportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-h movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2016, 13, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Roberts, K.C.; Yao, X.; Carson, V.; Chaput, J.P.; Janssen, I.; Tremblay, M.S. Meeting the Canadian 24-h Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth. Health Rep. 2017, 28, 3–7. [Google Scholar]
- Guerrero, M.D.; Barnes, J.D.; Walsh, J.J.; Chaput, J.P.; Tremblay, M.S.; Goldfield, G.S. 24-h Movement Behaviors and Impulsivity. Pediatrics 2019, 144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thivel, D.; Tremblay, M.S.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Fogelholm, M.; Hu, G.; Maher, C.; Maia, J.; Olds, T.; Sarmiento, O.L.; Standage, M.; et al. Associations between meeting combinations of 24-h movement recommendations and dietary patterns of children: A 12-country study. Prev. Med. 2019, 118, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sampasa-Kanyinga, H.; Standage, M.; Tremblay, M.S.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Hu, G.; Kuriyan, R.; Maher, C.; Maia, J.; Olds, T.; Sarmiento, O.L.; et al. Associations between meeting combinations of 24-h movement guidelines and health-related quality of life in children from 12 countries. Public Health 2017, 153, 16–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peretti-Watel, P.; Beck, F.; Legleye, S. Beyond the U-curve: The relationship between sport and alcohol, cigarette and cannabis use in adolescents. Addiction 2002, 97, 707–716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnston, L.D.; Miech, R.A.; O’Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; Schulenberg, J.E.; Patrick, M.E. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975–2018: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use; Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2019; p. 119. [Google Scholar]
- Rehm, J.; Taylor, B.; Room, R. Global burden of disease from alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2006, 25, 503–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Busch, V.; Van Stel, H.F.; Schrijvers, A.J.P.; de Leeuw, J.R.J. Clustering of health-related behaviors, health outcomes and demographics in Dutch adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 1118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pronk, N.P.; Anderson, L.H.; Crain, A.L.; Martinson, B.C.; O’Connor, P.J.; Sherwood, N.E.; Whitebird, R.R. Meeting recommendations for multiple healthy lifestyle factors. Prevalence, clustering, and predictors among adolescent, adult, and senior health plan members. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2004, 27, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pronk, N.P.; Peek, C.J.; Goldstein, M.G. Addressing multiple behavioral risk factors in primary care. A synthesis of current knowledge and stakeholder dialogue sessions. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2004, 27, 4–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Werch, C.C.; Moore, M.J.; DiClemente, C.C.; Bledsoe, R.; Jobli, E. A multihealth behavior intervention integrating physical activity and substance use prevention for adolescents. Prev. Sci. 2005, 6, 213–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. YRBSS—Questionnaires 2017. 2017. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/questionnaires.htm (accessed on 7 September 2019).
- Scott, J.J.; Morgan, P.J.; Plotnikoff, R.C.; Lubans, D.R. Reliability and validity of a single-item physical activity measure for adolescents. J. Paediatr. Child Health 2015, 51, 787–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lubans, D.R.; Hesketh, K.; Cliff, D.P.; Barnett, L.M.; Salmon, J.; Dollman, J.; Morgan, P.J.; Hills, A.P.; Hardy, L.L. A systematic review of the validity and reliability of sedentary behaviour measures used with children and adolescents. Obes. Rev. 2011, 12, 781–799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmitz, K.H.; Harnack, L.; Fulton, J.E.; Jacobs, D.R., Jr.; Gao, S.; Lytle, L.A.; Van Coevering, P. Reliability and Validity of a Brief Questionnaire to Assess Television Viewing and Computer Use by Middle School Children. J. Sch. Health 2004, 74, 370–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nascimento-Ferreira, M.V.; Collese, T.S.; de Moraes, A.C.F.; Rendo-Urteaga, T.; Moreno, L.A.; Carvalho, H.B. Validity and reliability of sleep time questionnaires in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 2016, 30, 85–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goodman, E.; Adler, N.E.; Kawachi, I.; Frazier, A.L.; Huang, B.; Colditz, G.A. Adolescents’ perceptions of social status: Development and evaluation of a new indicator. Pediatrics 2001, 108, E31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. WHO Anthro (Version 3.2.2) and Macros; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Dancey, C.; Reidy, J. Statistics without Maths for Psychology, 6th ed.; Pearson Education Limited: London, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Janssen, I.; Roberts, K.C.; Thompson, W. Is adherence to the Canadian 24-h Movement Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Youth associated with improved indicators of physical, mental, and social health? Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2017, 42, 725–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCormick, E.M.; Qu, Y.; Telzer, E.H. Adolescent neurodevelopment of cognitive control and risk-taking in negative family contexts. Neuroimage 2016, 124, 989–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Allen, J.P.; Moore, C.; Kuperminc, G.; Bell, K. Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Dev. 1998, 69, 1406–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adachi-Mejia, A.M.; Primack, B.A.; Beach, M.L.; Titus-Ernstoff, L.; Longacre, M.R.; Weiss, J.E.; Dalton, M.A. Influence of Movie Smoking Exposure and Team Sports Participation on Established Smoking. Arch. Pediatrics Adolesc. Med. 2009, 163, 638–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kujala, U.M.; Kaprio, J.; Rose, R.J. Physical activity in adolescence and smoking in young adulthood: A prospective twin cohort study. Addiction 2007, 102, 1151–1157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Audrain-McGovern, J.; Rodriguez, D. All physical activity may not be associated with a lower likelihood of adolescent smoking uptake. Addict. Behav. 2015, 51, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Holmen, T.L.; Barrett-Connor, E.; Clausen, J.; Holmen, J.; Bjermer, L. Physical exercise, sports, and lung function in smoking versus nonsmoking adolescents. Eur. Respir. J. 2002, 19, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wong, M.M.; Robertson, G.C.; Dyson, R.B. Prospective relationship between poor sleep and substance-related problems in a national sample of adolescents. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2015, 39, 355–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chaput, J.-P.; McNeil, J.; Després, J.-P.; Bouchard, C.; Tremblay, A. Short sleep duration is associated with greater alcohol consumption in adults. Appetite 2012, 59, 650–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grube, J.W.; Waiters, E. Alcohol in the media: Content and effects on drinking beliefs and behaviors among youth. Adolesc. Med. Clin. 2005, 16, 327–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, M.J.; Grube, J.W.; Bersamin, M.; Waiters, E.; Keefe, D.B. Alcohol advertising: What makes it attractive to youth? J. Health Commun. 2005, 10, 553–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henriksen, L.; Feighery, E.C.; Schleicher, N.C.; Fortmann, S.P. Receptivity to alcohol marketing predicts initiation of alcohol use. J. Adolesc. Health 2008, 42, 28–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Anderson, P.; de Bruijn, A.; Angus, K.; Gordon, R.; Hastings, G. Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009, 44, 229–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McClure, A.C.; Stoolmiller, M.; Tanski, S.E.; Worth, K.A.; Sargent, J.D. Alcohol-branded merchandise and its association with drinking attitudes and outcomes in US adolescents. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2009, 163, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jones, S.C.; Magee, C.A. Exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among Australian adolescents. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011, 46, 630–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grenard, J.L.; Dent, C.W.; Stacy, A.W. Exposure to Alcohol Advertisements and Teenage Alcohol-Related Problems. Pediatrics 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Almeida-Filho, N.; Lessa, I.; Magalhães, L.; Araujo, M.J.; Aquino, E.; Kawachi, I.; James, S.A. Alcohol drinking patterns by gender, ethnicity, and social class in Bahia, Brazil. Rev. Saude Publ. 2004, 38, 45–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, D.; Chopra, A.; Sethi, H. Incidence estimates of substance use disorders in a cohort from Delhi, India. Indian J. Med. Res. 2002, 115, 128–135. [Google Scholar]
- Schulte, M.T.; Ramo, D.; Brown, S.A. Gender differences in factors influencing alcohol use and drinking progression among adolescents. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2009, 29, 535–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Johnston, L.D.; O’Malley, P.M.; Bachman, J.G.; Schulenberg, J.E. Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2007; (NIH Publication No. 08-6418); National Institute on Drug Abuse: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Young, S.E.; Corley, R.P.; Stallings, M.C.; Rhee, S.H.; Crowley, T.J.; Hewitt, J.K. Substance use, abuse and dependence in adolescence: Prevalence, symptom profiles and correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2002, 68, 309–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leasure, J.L.; Neighbors, C.; Henderson, C.E.; Young, C.M. Exercise and Alcohol Consumption: What We Know, What We Need to Know, and Why it is Important. Front. Psychiatry 2015, 6, 156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Choquet, M.; Hassler, C. Sport and alcohol consumption in adolescence. Alcoologie 1997, 19, 21–28. [Google Scholar]
- Lorente, F.O.; Souville, M.; Griffet, J.; Grélot, L. Participation in sports and alcohol consumption among French adolescents. Addict. Behav. 2004, 29, 941–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wichstrøm, T.; Wichstrøm, L. Does sports participation during adolescence prevent later alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use? Addiction 2009, 104, 138–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brellenthin, A.G.; Koltyn, K.F. Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 2016, 42, 481–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Zhong, J.; Hu, R.; Fiona, B.; Yu, M.; Du, H. Prevalence of high screen time and associated factors among students: A cross-sectional study in Zhejiang, China. BMJ Open 2018, 8, e021493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schaan, C.W.; Cureau, F.V.; Sbaraini, M.; Sparrenberger, K.; Kohl, H.W., III; Schaan, B.D. Prevalence of excessive screen time and TV viewing among Brazilian adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 2019, 95, 155–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampasa-Kanyinga, H.; Hamilton, H.A.; Chaput, J.P. Use of social media is associated with short sleep duration in a dose-response manner in students aged 11 to 20 years. Acta Paediatr. 2018, 107, 694–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hisler, G.; Twenge, J.M.; Krizan, Z. Associations between screen time and short sleep duration among adolescents varies by media type: Evidence from a cohort study. Sleep Med. 2020, 66, 92–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, D.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, R.; Zhou, C. Impact of physical exercise on substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e110728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Doggett, A.; Qian, W.; Godin, K.; De Groh, M.; Leatherdale, S.T. Examining the association between exposure to various screen time sedentary behaviours and cannabis use among youth in the COMPASS study. SSM Popul. Health 2019, 9, 100487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Total Sample (n = 10,236) | Boys (n = 4431) | Girls (n = 5805) | p Value | 11-to-14-Year-Olds (n = 4871) | 15-to-20-Year-Olds (n = 5365) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 15.1 (1.8) | 15.2 (1.7) | 15.1 (1.9) | 13.2 (0.9) | 16.3 (0.9) | ||
11-to-14-year-olds | 37.7 | 37.1 | 38.3 | 0.515 | |||
15-to-20-year-olds | 62.3 | 62.9 | 61.7 | ||||
Gender | |||||||
Boys | 51.1 | 49.6 | 48.4 | 0.515 | |||
Girls | 48.8 | 50.4 | 51.6 | ||||
Ethnic background | |||||||
White | 56.3 | 58.6 | 54.0 | 0.210 | 54.9 | 57.2 | 0.367 |
Black | 9.8 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 10.1 | ||
East/South-East Asian | 8.8 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 9.1 | ||
South Asian | 7.1 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 6.2 | ||
Other | 18.0 | 16.3 | 19.8 | 18.9 | 17.5 | ||
Subjective socioeconomic status | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 6.9 (1.7) | 7.0 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.8) | 0.556 | 7.1 (1.8) | 6.8 (1.6) | <0.001 |
Body mass index z-score | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 0.3 (1.1) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.3 (1.3) | 0.555 | 0.3 (1.3) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.003 |
Combination of meeting movement guideline recommendations | |||||||
Meeting none | 39.0 | 34.0 | 44.2 | <0.001 | 30.5 | 44.2 | <0.001 |
PA only | 7.7 | 9.7 | 5.6 | 9.7 | 6.5 | ||
ST only | 13.8 | 11.5 | 16.2 | 12.1 | 14.8 | ||
Sleep only | 15.4 | 16.4 | 14.3 | 14.8 | 15.7 | ||
PA and ST only | 5.9 | 7.5 | 4.4 | 8.0 | 4.7 | ||
PA and sleep only | 4.6 | 6.0 | 3.1 | 6.5 | 3.4 | ||
ST and sleep only | 8.6 | 7.6 | 9.6 | 11.4 | 6.9 | ||
Meeting all 3 | 5.1 | 7.4 | 2.7 | 7.0 | 4.0 | ||
Cigarette smoking | |||||||
No | 92.6 | 91.3 | 93.9 | 0.037 | 98.7 | 88.9 | <0.001 |
Yes | 7.4 | 8.7 | 6.1 | 1.3 | 11.1 | ||
Alcohol consumption | |||||||
No | 55.6 | 55.1 | 56.0 | 0.696 | 81.1 | 40.1 | <0.001 |
Yes | 44.4 | 44.9 | 44.0 | 18.9 | 59.9 | ||
Cannabis use | |||||||
No | 77.7 | 77.2 | 78.2 | 0.442 | 94.8 | 67.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 22.3 | 22.8 | 21.8 | 5.2 | 32.7 |
Physical Activity | Screen Time | Sleep | Smoking | Alcohol | Cannabis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical activity | 1 | |||||
Screen time | 0.14 *** | 1 | ||||
Sleep | 0.10 *** | 0.13 *** | 1 | |||
Smoking | −0.03 *** | 0.00 | −0.05 *** | 1 | ||
Alcohol | −0.04 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.11 *** | 0.29 *** | 1 | |
Cannabis | −0.05 *** | −0.04 *** | −0.09 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.51 *** | 1 |
Cigarette Smoking | Alcohol Consumption | Cannabis Use | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 4431) | Girls (n = 5805) | Boys (n = 4431) | Girls (n = 5805) | Boys (n = 4431) | Girls (n = 5805) | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Unadjusted | ||||||
Meeting none | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
PA only | 0.28 (0.13–0.60) | 0.84 (0.43–1.64) | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | 0.68 (0.48–0.98) |
ST only | 0.62 (0.35–1.10) | 1.05 (0.61–1.81) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | 0.84 (0.60–1.16) | 0.83 (0.57–1.22) | 0.82 (0.60–1.14) |
Sleep only | 0.83 (0.46–1.49) | 0.78 (0.34–1.77) | 0.61 (0.40–0.93) | 0.68 (0.51–0.92) | 0.60 (0.35–1.03) | 0.84 (0.63–1.12) |
PA and ST only | 0.39 (0.19–0.80) | 0.40 (0.18–0.92) | 1.08 (0.79–1.48) | 1.16 (0.74–1.82) | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 0.79 (0.33–1.88) |
PA and sleep only | 0.45 (0.19–1.05) | 0.02 (0.03–0.16) | 0.47 (0.30–0.75) | 0.63 (0.31–1.32) | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 0.42 (0.14–1.21) |
ST and sleep only | 0.62 (0.25–1.55) | 0.49 (0.25–0.94) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | 0.32 (0.22–0.47) | 0.71 (0.42–1.18) | 0.51 (0.19–1.33) |
Meeting all 3 | 0.92 (0.36–2.36) | 0.31 (0.07–1.42) | 0.68 (0.45–1.03) | 0.43 (0.24–0.79) | 0.60 (0.33–1.08) | 0.36 (0.18–0.75) |
Adjusted | ||||||
Meeting none | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
PA only | 0.31 (0.14–0.68) | 1.19 (0.58–2.48) | 0.96 (0.51–1.78) | 1.37 (0.94–1.99) | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) |
ST only | 0.71 (0.40–1.26) | 0.92 (0.54–1.57) | 0.95 (0.55–1.65) | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | 0.88 (0.60–1.31) | 0.79 (0.57–1.08) |
Sleep only | 0.72 (0.41–1.28) | 0.62 (0.27–1.46) | 0.47 (0.31–0.72) | 0.53 (0.36–0.78) | 0.61 (0.37–1.01) | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) |
PA and ST only | 0.49 (0.21–1.15) | 0.51 (0.22–1.16) | 1.54 (1.05–2.25) | 1.46 (0.91–2.35) | 0.55 (0.32–0.96) | 0.73 (0.29–1.85) |
PA and sleep only | 0.80 (0.30–2.17) | 0.02 (0.00–0.18) | 0.70 (0.42–1.18) | 0.76 (0.32–1.82) | 0.66 (0.38–1.14) | 0.38 (0.13–1.17) |
ST and sleep only | 0.73 (0.30–1.77) | 0.59 (0.31–1.10) | 0.91 (0.42–1.18) | 0.32 (0.22–0.47) | 0.75 (0.46–1.22) | 0.49 (0.19–1.30) |
Meeting all 3 | 1.48 (0.63–3.46) | 0.41 (0.08–2.09) | 0.82 (0.60–1.38) | 0.62 (0.35–1.08) | 0.67 (0.39–1.13) | 0.35 (0.17–0.72) |
11-to-14-Year-Olds (n = 4871) | 15-to-20-Year-Olds (n = 5365) | |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Unadjusted | ||
Meeting none | 1 | 1 |
PA only | 0.99 (0.57–1.73) | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) |
ST only | 0.61 (0.29–1.29) | 0.89 (0.65–1.24) |
Sleep only | 0.46 (0.26–0.83) | 0.81 (0.54–1.22) |
PA and ST only | 0.72 (0.38–1.35) | 0.94 (0.60–1.46) |
PA and sleep only | 0.66 (0.27–1.60) | 0.77 (0.43–1.38) |
ST and sleep only | 0.34 (0.13–0.90) | 0.93 (0.51–1.72) |
Meeting all 3 | 0.34 (0.12–0.95) | 0.88 (0.46–1.67) |
Adjusted | ||
Meeting none | 1 | 1 |
PA only | 1.02 (0.58–1.78) | 1.07 (0.71–1.61) |
ST only | 0.62 (0.30–1.30) | 0.89 (0.65–1.20) |
Sleep only | 0.48 (0.27–0.85) | 0.78 (0.52–1.15) |
PA and ST only | 0.70 (0.37–1.35) | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) |
PA and sleep only | 0.69 (0.30–1.57) | 0.78 (0.46–1.34) |
ST and sleep only | 0.35 (0.13–0.91) | 0.94 (0.50–1.77) |
Meeting all 3 | 0.37 (0.12–1.09) | 0.85 (0.47–1.55) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sampasa-Kanyinga, H.; Colman, I.; Goldfield, G.S.; Janssen, I.; Wang, J.; Hamilton, H.A.; Chaput, J.-P. 24-h Movement Guidelines and Substance Use among Adolescents: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063309
Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Colman I, Goldfield GS, Janssen I, Wang J, Hamilton HA, Chaput J-P. 24-h Movement Guidelines and Substance Use among Adolescents: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063309
Chicago/Turabian StyleSampasa-Kanyinga, Hugues, Ian Colman, Gary S. Goldfield, Ian Janssen, JianLi Wang, Hayley A. Hamilton, and Jean-Philippe Chaput. 2021. "24-h Movement Guidelines and Substance Use among Adolescents: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063309