Factors Differentiating Rural and Urban Population in Determining Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Chronic Cardiovascular Disease: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Ethical Aspects
2.4. Variables and Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
- HADS-M Anxiety: 0—lack of abnormalities (0–10), 1—abnormality present (11–21)
- HADS-M Depression: 0—lack of abnormalities (0–10), 1—abnormality present (11–21).
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Data of Patients with CVDs
3.2. The Evaluation of Anxiety and Depression
3.3. Correlations of the Number of Visits and Interventions in the Prior 12 Months with the HADS-M Scale
3.4. Results of Logistic Regression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kuciel-Lewandowska, J.M.; Laber, W.Z.; Kierzek, A.; Paprocka-Borowicz, M. Ocena poziomu lęku i depresji u pacjentów przed rehabilitacją kardiologiczną. Piel. Zdr. Publ. 2015, 5, 247–251. [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, B.E.; Edmondson, D.; Kronish, I.M. State of the Art Review: Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 2015, 28, 1295–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mehta, L.S. Cardiovascular Disease and Depression in Women. Hear. Fail. Clin. 2011, 7, 39–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wożakowska-Kapłon, B. Zaburzenia metaboliczne i choroby układu krążenia u chorych psychiczne. Farmakoter. Psychiatr. Neurol. 2011, 1, 29–36. [Google Scholar]
- Roest, A.M.; Martens, E.J.; de Jonge, P. Anxiety and risk of incydent coronary heart disease a meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010, 56, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dobrzyńska, E.; Pawłowski, T.; Kiejna, A. Współwystępowanie objawów lękowych i depresyjnych z chorobą niedokrwienną serca. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 2005, 14, 1071–1076. [Google Scholar]
- Tully, P.J.; Harrison, N.J.; Cheung, P.; Cosh, S. Anxiety and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Review. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2016, 18, 120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thurston, R.C.; Rewak, M.; Kubzansky, L.D. An Anxious Heart: Anxiety and the Onset of Cardiovascular Diseases. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2013, 55, 524–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janszky, I.; Ahlbom, A.; Hallqvist, J.; Ahnve, S. Hospitalization for Depression Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Myocardial Infarction Not Explained by Lifestyle, Lipids, Coagulation, and Inflammation: The SHEEP Study. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62, 25–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bradley, S.M.; Rumsfeld, J.S. Depression and cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2015, 25, 614–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hare, D.L.; Toukhsati, S.R.; Johansson, P.; Jaarsma, T. Depression and cardiovascular disease: A clinical review. Eur. Heart J. 2014, 35, 1365–1372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Penninx, B.W. Depression and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2017, 74, 277–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- May, H.T.; Horne, B.D.; Knight, S.; Knowlton, K.U.; Bair, T.L.; Lappé, D.L.; Le, V.T.; Muhlestein, J.B. The association of depression at any time to the risk of death following coronary artery disease diagnosis. Eur. Hear. J.-Qual. Care Clin. Outcomes 2017, 3, 296–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vaccarino, V.; Badimon, L.; Bremner, J.D.; Cenko, E.; Cubedo, J.; Dorobantu, M.; Duncker, D.J.; Koller, A.; Manfrini, O.; Milicic, D.; et al. Depression and coronary heart disease: 2018 position paper of the ESC working group on coronary pathophysiology and microcirculation. Eur. Hear. J. 2020, 41, 1687–1696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seldenrijk, A.; Vogelzangs, N.; Batelaan, N.M.; Wieman, I.; van Schaik, D.J.; Penninx, B.J. Depression, anxiety and 6-year risk of cardiovascular disease. J. Psychosom. Res. 2015, 78, 123–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Zdrowie. Stan Zdrowia Ludności Polski 2014. Available online: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/zdrowie/zdrowie/stan-zdrowia-ludnosci-polski-w-2014-r-,6,6.html (accessed on 25 December 2020).
- Goldberg, D.P.; Reed, G.M.; Robles, R.; Minhas, F.; Razzaque, B.; Fortes, S.; Mari, J.D.J.; Lam, T.P.; Garcia, J.Á.; Gask, L.; et al. Screening for anxiety, depression, and anxious depression in primary care: A field study for ICD-11 PHC. J. Affect. Disord. 2017, 213, 199–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jiang, W.; Krishnan, R.R.K.; O’Connor, C.M. Depression and heart disease: Evidence of a link, and its therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2002, 16, 111–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilbody, S.; Whitty, P.; Grimshaw, J.; Thomas, R. Educational and organizational interventions to improve the management of depression in primary care: A systematic review. JAMA 2003, 289, 3145–3151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Overend, K.; Lewis, H.; Bailey, D.; Bosanquet, K.; Chew-Graham, C.; Ekers, D.; Gascoyne, S.; Hems, D.; Holmes, J.; Keding, A.; et al. CASPER plus (CollAborative care in Screen-Positive EldeRs with major depressive disorder): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2014, 15, 451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shores, M.M.; Pascualy, M.; Veith, R.C. Major Depression and Heart Disease: Treatment Trials. Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry 1998, 3, 87–101. [Google Scholar]
- Bączyk, M.; Pisarek, M.; Warmuz-Stangierska, I.Z.; Korbelakwojewoda, M.; Gołąb, M.; Stangierski, A.; Sowiński, J. Reakcje emocjonalne chorych z rakiem tarczycy—porównanie z innymi wybranymi grupami chorych z zagrożeniem życia. Now. Lek. 2008, 77, 107–113. [Google Scholar]
- Wołowicka, L.; Jaracz, K. Polska Wersja WHOQOL 100 i WHOQOL Bref. W: Wołowicka, L. Jakość Życia w Naukach Medycznych; Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu: Poznań, Poland, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Jaracz, K.; Kalfoss, M.; Górna, K.; Bączyk, G. Quality of life in Polish: Psychometric properties of the Polish WHOQoL-Bref. Scand. J. Caring Sci. 2006, 20, 251–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Juczyński, Z. Narzędzia Pomiaru w Promocji i Psychologii Zdrowia; Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych, Wydanie II: Warszawa, Poland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Kurpas, D. Paradygmat Opieki nad Chorymi Przewlekle w Ramach Podstawowej Opieki Zdrowotnej; Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śl: Wrocław, Poland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Stachowiak-Andrysiak, M.O.; Stelcer, B.O.; Mikstacki, A.D.; Kuliński, D.A.; Tamowicz, B.A. Ocena stanu psychicznego pacjentów z przewlekłą niewydolnością nerek (PNN) i ich adaptacji do stresu spowodowanego chorobą. Now. Lek. 2012, 81, 636–640. [Google Scholar]
- Kozera, E. Zależność między akceptacją choroby a poziomem lęku i depresji u pacjentek z nowotworem gruczołu piersiowego. Współcz. Pielęg. Ochr. Zdr. 2015, 4, 85–88. [Google Scholar]
- Posadzy-Małaczyńska, A. Kobiety i Choroby Układu Krążenia; Termedia Wydawnictwo Medyczne: Poznan, Poland, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Dogar, I.A.; Khawaja, I.S.; Azeem, M.W.; Awan, H.; Ayub, A.; Iqbal, J.; Thuras, P. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Depression and Anxiety in Hospitalized Cardiac Patients in Pakistan. Psychiatry 2008, 5, 38–41. [Google Scholar]
- Hiriscau, E.I.; Bodolea, C. The Role of Depression and Anxiety in Frail Patients with Heart Failure. Diseases 2019, 7, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Krawczyk, P. Depresja w praktyce lekarza POZ—diagnostyka i farmakoterapia. Pediatr. Med. Rodz. 2014, 10, 174–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grochans, E.; Wieder-Huszla, S.; Jurczak, A.; Stanisławska, M.; Janic, E.; Szych, Z. Wsparcie emocjonalne jako wyznacznik jakości opieki pielęgniarskiej. Probl. Hig. Epidemiol. 2009, 90, 236–239. [Google Scholar]
- Szalast, A.; Pudełko, S. Edukacja i jakość życia pacjentów z niewydolnością serca. Med. Rodz. 2014, 2, 74–80. [Google Scholar]
- Jankowska-Polańska, B.; Ilko, A.; Wleklik, M. Wpływ akceptacji choroby na jakość życia chorych z nadciśnieniem tętniczym. Arter. Hypertens. 2014, 18, 143–150. [Google Scholar]
- Cieślik, B. Wpływ chorób serca na jakość życia—opracowanie na podstawie przeglądu piśmiennictwa. Inżynieria Biomed. 2014, 20, 101–118. [Google Scholar]
- Kurpas, D.; Mroczek, B.; Bielska, D. Rural and urban disparities in quality of life and health-related behaviors among chronically ill patients. Rural. Remote Health 2014, 14, 2485. [Google Scholar]
- Van Spall, H.G.C.; Rahman, T.; Mytton, O.; Ramasundarahettige, C.; Ibrahim, Q.; Kabali, C.; Coppens, M.; Haynes, R.B.; Connolly, S. Comparative effectiveness of transitional care services in patients discharged from the hospital with heart failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur. J. Hear. Fail. 2017, 19, 1427–1443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feltner, C.; Jones, C.D.; Cené, C.W.; Zheng, Z.-J.; Sueta, C.A.; Coker-Schwimmer, E.J.; Arvanitis, M.; Lohr, K.N.; Middleton, J.C.; Jonas, D.E. Transitional Care Interventions to Prevent Readmissions for Persons with Heart Failure. Ann. Intern. Med. 2014, 160, 774–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- WHO Regional Office for Europe. European Health Report 2018: More Than Numbers—Evidence for All. Highlights 2018. Available online: https://www.euro.who.int/en/data-and-evidence/european-health-report/european-health-report-2018/european-health-report-2018-more-than-numbers-evidence-for-all.-highlights-2018 (accessed on 28 June 2019).
- American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2010—Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010, 121, 46–215. [Google Scholar]
- Graham, I.; Atar, D.; Borch-Johnsen, K.; Boysen, G.; Burell, G.; Cifkova, R.; Dallongeville, J.; De Backer, G.; Ebrahim, S.; Gjelsvik, B.; et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur. Hear. J. 2007, 28, 2375–2414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Urosevic, J.; Odovic, G.; Rapaic, D.; Davidovic, M.; Trgovcevic, S.; Milovanovic, V. Quality of life of the elderly in urban and rural areas in Serbia. Vojn. Pregl. 2015, 72, 968–974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mazurek, J.; Rymaszewska, J. Ocena potrzeb pacjentów w podeszłym wieku na podstawie Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly—przegląd piśmiennictwa. Gerontol. Pol. 2012, 20, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Paterniani, A.; Sperati, F.; Esposito, G.; Cognetti, G.; Pulimeno, A.M.L.; Rocco, G.; Diamanti, P.; Bertini, L.; Baldeschi, G.C.; Varrassi, G.; et al. Quality of life and disability of chronic non-cancer pain in adults patients attending pain clinics: A prospective, multicenter, observational study. Appl. Nurs. Res. 2020, 56, 151332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Comín-Colet, J.; Lorenzo, T.M.; González-Domínguez, A.; Oliva, J.; Merino, S.J. Impact of non-cardiovascular comorbidities on the quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure: A scoping review. Heal. Qual. Life Outcomes 2020, 18, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | Values | ALL | City | Village |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 193) | (n = 113) | (n = 76) | ||
GP appointments | Min. | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1st Qu. | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
Median | 5 | 5 | 4.5 | |
Mean | 6.4 | 6.9 | 6.2 | |
3rd Qu. | 10 | 10 | 9.3 | |
Max. | 60 | 60 | 20 | |
NA’s | - | 4 | 4 | |
Visits in a cardiological clinic | Min. | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1st Qu. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Median | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Mean | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | |
3rd Qu. | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Max. | 24 | 15 | 24 | |
NA’s | - | 4 | 4 | |
Family nurse interventions | Min. | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1st Qu. | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Median | 4 | 4 | 9 | |
Mean | 16.4 | 19.9 | 12.0 | |
3rd Qu. | 12 | 12 | 15 | |
Max. | 198 | 198 | 48 | |
NA’s | - | 4 | 4 |
No. | Variables | Coding |
---|---|---|
X1 | Weight (kg) | |
X2 | Growth (cm) | |
X3 | Does the patient receive social benefits from a social assistance center? | 1—Yes 2—No |
X4 | Number of home visits in the last 12 months | |
X5 | Number of telephone consultations in the last 12 months | |
X6 | Number of visits to PHC clinics during the last 12 months | |
X7 | Number of family nurse interventions in the last 12 months | |
X8 | Sex | 1—Woman 2—Man |
X9 | Age (in years) | |
X10 | Education | 1—Primary 2—Vocational 3—Secondary without Matura Exam 4—Secondary with Matura Exam 5—Post-secondary 6—Higher (BA/MA) |
X11 | Financial situation | 1—Very good (above PLN 3001 per person in the family) 2—Good (from PLN 2001–3000 per person in family) 3—Average (from PLN 1001–2000 per person in family) 4—Bad (from PLN 501–1000 per person in family) |
X12 | Number of visits to the GP in the last 12 months | |
X13 | Number of visits to the cardiology outpatient clinic during the last 12 months | |
X14 | Number of family nurse interventions in the last 12 months | |
X15 | Camberwell | |
X16 | WHOQOL-BREF question 1 | |
X17 | WHOQOL-BREF question 2 | |
X18 | WHOQOL-BREF physical domain | |
X19 | WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain | |
X20 | WHOQOL-BREF domain social relations | |
X21 | WHOQOL-BREF domain environment | |
X22 | HBI sum | |
X23 | HBI proper eating habits | |
X24 | HBI preventive behaviors | |
X25 | HBI proper mental attitudes | |
X26 | HBI health practices | |
X27 | HADS-M Aggression | |
X28 | HADS-M Anxiety or HADS-M Depression | 0—Lack of abnormalities (0–10) 1—Abnormality present (11–21) |
X29 | Is he/she in a relationship? | 1—No 2—Yes |
Variable | Place of Residence | n | Q.25% | Me | Q.75% | Min | Max | Wilcoxon Test p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | City | 113 | 62.00 | 76.00 | 84.00 | 17.00 | 101.00 | 0.202 | ||
Village | 75 | 62.50 | 72.00 | 81.50 | 18.00 | 94.00 | ||||
Variable | Categories | City | Village | Fisher Test—p | ||||||
n | % | n | % | |||||||
Sex | Women | 81 | 71.7 | 50 | 65.8 | 0.423 | ||||
Men | 32 | 28.3 | 26 | 34.2 | ||||||
Total | 113 | 100 | 76 | 100 |
Variable | Place of Residence | n | Q.25% | Me | Q.75% | Min | Max | Wilcoxon Test p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HADS-M Anxiety | City | 109 | 2.29 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 13.00 | 6.00 | 0.491 |
Village | 74 | 2.26 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 13.00 | 6.00 | ||
HADS-M Depression | City | 109 | 10.00 | 12.00 | 13.00 | 5.00 | 17.00 | 0.64 |
Village | 75 | 10.00 | 11.00 | 12.00 | 7.00 | 15.00 | ||
Variable | Categories | City | Village | Fisher Test—p | ||||
n | % | n | % | |||||
HADS-M Anxiety | Lack of Abnormality (0–7) | 2 | 1.8 | 2 | 2.7 | 0.78 | ||
Border Conditions (8–10) | 35 | 32.1 | 21 | 28.4 | ||||
Abnormality confirmed (11–21) | 72 | 66.1 | 51 | 68.9 | ||||
Total | 109 | 100 | 74 | 100 | ||||
HADS-M Depression | Lack of abnormality (0–7) | 5 | 4.6 | 3 | 4 | 0.962 | ||
Border Conditions (8–10) | 29 | 26.6 | 21 | 28 | ||||
Abnormality confirmed (11–21) | 75 | 68.8 | 51 | 68 | ||||
Total | 109 | 100 | 75 | 100 |
Variable | Place of Residence | GP Appointments | Visits in Cardiological Clinic | Family Nurse Interventions | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HADS-M | r | r = 0 p | * | n | r = r p | * | r | r = 0 p | * | n | r = r p | * | r | r = 0 p | * | n | r = r | * | |
Anxiety | City | −0.11 | 0.244 | 109 | 0.439 | −0.1 | 0.306 | 109 | 0.005 | * | −0.06 | 0.516 | 109 | 0.03 | * | ||||
Village | −0.23 | 0.051 | 74 | 0.32 | 0.005 | * | 74 | 0.25 | 0.033 | * | 74 | ||||||||
Depression | City | −0.21 | 0.031 | * | 109 | 0.694 | −0.03 | 0.739 | 109 | 0.37 | −0.05 | 0.628 | 109 | 0.35 | |||||
Village | −0.15 | 0.204 | 75 | 0.1 | 0.374 | 75 | 0.09 | 0.427 | 75 |
Explanatory Variables | bi | SEi | zi | pi = Pr (>|zi|) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models with four explanatory variables | ||||||||
Model 1 (n = 100) | ||||||||
Chi2 = 25.57, df = 4, p < 0.001, pseudo R2 = 0.2 | ||||||||
No. | Intercept | - | - | - | - | |||
X18 | WHOQOL-BREF physical domain | −0.231 | 0.116 | −1.991 | 0.046 | |||
X19 | WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain | 0.399 | 0.147 | 2.723 | 0.006 | |||
X26 | HBI—health practices | −0.583 | 0.225 | −2.597 | 0.009 | |||
X28 | HADS-M depression | 1.406 | 0.481 | 2.924 | 0.003 | |||
OR | Per unit | Per range | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | 1/OR | OR | 95% CI | 1/OR | range | ||
from Model 1 | ||||||||
X18 | WHOQOL-BREF physical domain | 0.79 | 0.62–0.98 | 1.25 | 0.03 | 0.00–0.84 | 30.93 | 14.85 |
X19 | WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain | 1.49 | 1.13–2.01 | 0.67 | 48.75 | 6.17–29,800 | 0.00 | 14.66 |
X26 | HBI—Health Practices | 0.55 | 0.35–0.85 | 1.79 | 0.19 | 0.05–0.64 | 5.21 | 2.83 |
X28 | HADS-M Depression | 4.07 | 1.62–10.83 | 0.24 | 4.07 | 1.62–10.80 | 0.24 | 1.00 |
Explanatory Variables | bi | SEi | zi | pi = Pr (>|zi|) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models with six explanatory variables | ||||||||
Model 1 (n = 72) | ||||||||
Chi2 = 40.05, df = 6, p < 0.001, pseudo R2 = 0.4 | ||||||||
No. | Intercept | - | - | - | - | |||
X9 | Age (in years) | −0.040 | 0.020 | −2.014 | 0.044 | |||
X15 | Camberwell | −5.683 | 2.741 | −2.073 | 0.038 | |||
X18 | WHOQOL-BREF physical domain | 0.446 | 0.185 | 2.405 | 0.016 | |||
X20 | WHOQOL-BREF social relations domain | −0.427 | 0.214 | −1.997 | 0.046 | |||
X21 | WHOQOL-BREF environment domain | 0.516 | 0.260 | 1.987 | 0.047 | |||
X28 | HADS-M depression | 1.768 | 0.698 | 2.532 | 0.011 | |||
Models with four explanatory variables | ||||||||
Model 2 (n = 73) | ||||||||
Chi2 = 24.39, df =4, p < 0.001, pseudo R2 = 0.24 | ||||||||
Intercept | - | - | - | - | ||||
X4 | Number of home visits by a nurse during the last 12 months | −0.102 | 0.050 | −2.059 | 0.040 | |||
X15 | Camberwell | −4.397 | 2.098 | −2.096 | 0.036 | |||
X19 | WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain | 0.281 | 0.124 | 2.276 | 0.023 | |||
X28 | HADS-M depression | 1.201 | 0.559 | 2.148 | 0.032 | |||
OR | Per unit | Per range | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | 1/OR | OR | 95% CI | 1/OR | range | ||
from Model 1 | ||||||||
X9 | Age (in years) | 0.96 | 0.919–0.99 | 1.04 | 0.05 | 0.002–0.73 | 21.2 | 76.00 |
X15 | Camberwell | 0.00 | 0.00001–0.56 | 293.86 | 0.01 | 0.00007–0.62 | 113 | 0.83 |
X18 | WHOQOL-BREF physical domain | 1.56 | 1.11–2.33 | 0.64 | 585 | 4.58–177,000 | 0.002 | 14.28 |
X20 | WHOQOL-BREF social relations domain | 0.65 | 0.40–0.94 | 1.53 | 0.002 | 0.000002–0.46 | 522 | 14.66 |
X21 | WHOQOL-BREF environment domain | 1.67 | 1.06–3.00 | 0.59 | 473 | 2.11–503,000 | 0.002 | 11.92 |
X28 | HADS-M depression | 5.85 | 1.58–25.66 | 0.17 | 5.85 | 1.58–25.60 | 0.17 | 1.00 |
from Model 2 | ||||||||
X4 | Number of home visits by a nurse during the last 12 months | 0.90 | 0.81–0.99 | 1.11 | 0.06 | 0.01–0.83 | 17.64 | 28 |
X19 | WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain | 1.32 | 1.05–1.71 | 0.75 | 51.39 | 2.03–1960.55 | 0.02 | 14 |
Explanatory Variables | bi | SEi | zi | pi = Pr (>|zi|) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models with three explanatory variables | ||||||||
Model 1 (n = 73) | ||||||||
Chi2 = 19.55, df = 3, p < 0.001, pseudo R2 = 0.19 | ||||||||
No. | Intercept | - | - | - | - | |||
X18 | WHOQOL-BREF physical domain | −0.334 | 0.167 | −2.003 | 0.045 | |||
X19 | WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain | 0.321 | 0.162 | 1.984 | 0.047 | |||
X28 | HADS-M anxiety | 1.528 | 0.609 | 2.507 | 0.012 | |||
OR | Per unit | Per range | ||||||
OR | 95% CI | 1/OR | OR | 95% CI | 1/OR | range | ||
from Model 1 | ||||||||
X18 | WHOQOL-BREF physical domain | 0.71 | 0.50–0.97 | 1.39 | 0.01 | 0.00005–0.71 | 118.39 | 14.28 |
X19 | WHOQOL-BREF psychological domain | 1.37 | 1.01–1.93 | 0.72 | 89.07 | 1.31–10600 | 0.01 | 14.00 |
X28 | HADS-M anxiety | 4.60 | 1.45–16.28 | 0.21 | 4.60 | 1.45–16.2 | 0.21 | 1.00 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Szlenk-Czyczerska, E.; Guzek, M.; Bielska, D.E.; Ławnik, A.; Polański, P.; Kurpas, D. Factors Differentiating Rural and Urban Population in Determining Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Chronic Cardiovascular Disease: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063231
Szlenk-Czyczerska E, Guzek M, Bielska DE, Ławnik A, Polański P, Kurpas D. Factors Differentiating Rural and Urban Population in Determining Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Chronic Cardiovascular Disease: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063231
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzlenk-Czyczerska, Elżbieta, Marika Guzek, Dorota Emilia Bielska, Anna Ławnik, Piotr Polański, and Donata Kurpas. 2021. "Factors Differentiating Rural and Urban Population in Determining Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Chronic Cardiovascular Disease: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063231