Tools and Methods to Include Health in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies and Policies: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Criteria
2.2. Selection Criteria
- Studies only presenting the climate change impacts on human health or the health system in qualitative or quantitative terms.
- Studies presenting only health impact assessment tools for extreme events (e.g., droughts, heatwaves, hurricanes).
- Studies presenting tools/methods that assess the health benefits of policies/strategies outside of the scope of climate change adaptation and mitigation.
- Commentaries, editorials, press releases, speeches, review articles, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses.
- Studies not published in English or French.
- Studies that clearly present the link between the health issue and a meteorological factor that could be modified by climate change.
- Studies that aim to assess the health effects of a policy/strategy designed to adapt to or mitigate climate change consequences or reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Studies in which tools/methods are presented and described.
2.3. Data Extraction
3. Results
3.1. Description of Studies Selected
3.1.1. Scientific Literature
3.1.2. Grey Literature
3.2. Description of Tools Selected
3.2.1. Impact Assessment Tools
Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA)
Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment (IEHIA)
Environmental Assessments
3.2.2. Adaptation tools
Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) Assessment
Health National Adaptation Process (HNAP)
- Step 1. Aligning the health adaptation planning process with the national process for developing a NAP;
- Step 2. Taking stock of available information;
- Step 3. Identifying approaches to address capacity gaps and weaknesses in HNAP implementation.
- Step 4. Conducting a V&A assessment in the health sector, including short- and long-term needs in the context of development priorities;
- Step 5. Examining the implications of climate change for development goals, legislation, strategies, policies, and plans related to health;
- Step 6. Developing a national health adaptation strategy that identifies priority adaptation options.
- Step 7. Elaborating an implementation strategy for operationalizing HNAPs and incorporating climate change adaptation in health-related planning processes at all levels, including strengthening the capacity for conducting future HNAPs;
- Step 8. Promoting coordination and synergies with the NAP process, especially with sectors affecting health, and with multilateral environmental agreements.
- Step 9. Following-up and reviewing the HNAP to assess progress, effectiveness, and gaps;
- Step 10. Updating the health component of the NAPs in an iterative manner;
- Step 11. Communicating and reporting on the progress and effectiveness of the HNAP implementation [45].
Economic Assessment Tool—Health and Adaptation Costs
3.2.3. Nested Models
3.2.4. Conceptual Frameworks
3.2.5. Other Methodological Approaches
Participatory approach
Mixed Methods
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Literature- | Source | Number of Documents | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Scientific literature | Web of science | 575 | 1718 * |
Pubmed | 525 | ||
Embase | 982 | ||
Grey literature | WHO | 19 | 43 |
IPCC | 3 | ||
WMO | 5 | ||
Ministry of Environment | British Columbia (1); United States (3); California (1) | ||
Ministry of Health | Ontario (2); British Columbia (1); Canada (1); California (1); France (1) | ||
Others | 5 |
(a) | ||||||||||||
Author | Year | Climatic Event | Exposure | Health Issue | Strategy (Adaptation/Mitigation) | Tool Type | Name | Provider | Tool’s Objective | Scale of Application | Area | Measure of the Health Effect |
Abel et al. [12] | 2018 | Rising temperatures | Air pollution (PM2.5 and ozone) | Incidence of premature mortality and morbidity | Mitigation | Nested models | EPA’s BenMAP Community Edition version 1.3 | US EPA | BenMAP calculates adverse health outcomes of air quality changes linked with adaptation in building energy use | Region | East and Midwest USA | Yes |
Beaudoin et Gosselin [13] | 2016 | Rising temperatures | Urban heat islands | Well-being | Adaptation | Other methodological approach | UNSP | National Institute of Public Health of Québec | Assess the effects of Urban Heat Island on well-being and quality of life of residents and users. 4 criteria assessed: beauty, comfort, coolness, and security | City | Montréal (Canada) | No |
Briggs [14] | 2008 | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | Impact assessment tool | Integrated environmental health impact assessment | Imperial College London | Assess health-related issues deriving from the environment, and health-related impacts of policies and other interventions that affect the environment, taking into account complexities, interdependencies and uncertainties of the real world | Different scales (local to global) | UNSP | Yes |
Buonocore et al. [15] | 2016 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5, NOx and SO2) | Premature deaths | Mitigation | Nested models | UNSP | Harvard University | Assess reductions in NOx, PM2,5 and CO2 and health gains associated (Premature deaths avoided per year) with offshore wind electricity | States | New Jersey and Maryland (USA) | Yes |
Cai et al. [16] | 2018 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5) | Premature deaths | Mitigation | Nested models | UNSP | Joint Center for Global Change Studies | Assess reductions in NOx, PM2,5 and CO2 and associated health gains of carbon dioxide mitigation in the electric power generation sector | Country (subregions) | China | Yes |
Chen et al. [17] | 2014 | Heatwaves | Air temperature | Heat-related mortality | Mitigation | Nested models | UNSP | CSIRO | Assess the impact of urban vegetation in the reduction of heat related mortality rate | City | Melbourne (Australia) | Yes |
Chiabai et al. [18] | 2018 | Heatwaves, floods and heavy rainfalls | Urban heat islands, floods and air pollution (3 classes) | Multiples (non-specific) | UNSP | Conceptual framework | “Ecosystems enriched” Driver, Pressure, State, Exposure, Effect, Action (eDPSEEA) | BC3-Basque Centre for Climate Change, Spain | Linking CC impacts and adaptation actions on environment and assess how these actions could affect human health through various ways of exposure | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP |
Diallo et al. [19] | 2016 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM10, NOx), noise | Disability adjusted life years (DALY) of sleep disorders and annoyance | Mitigation | Impact assessment tool | Health Impact Assessment | WHO | Assess the effects on health and well-being of greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction measures | City | Geneva (Switzerland) | Yes |
Diallo et al. [20] | 2017 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM10, NOx), noise | DALY of sleep disorders and annoyance | Mitigation | Impact assessment tools | Health impact assessment (HIA), Other environmental assessment tools * | WHO (HIA), Conseil fédéral Suisse (SA) | Assess the impacts of different GHG reduction measures | City | Geneva (Switzerland) | Yes |
Garcia Menendez et al. [21] | 2015 | UNSP | Air pollution (Ozone, PM2.5) | Mortality | Mitigation (GHG reduction scenarios) | Nested models | UNSP | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Allow an integrated analysis of the effects of CC mitigation measures on air pollution and health co-benefits | Country | United States | Yes |
Haluza et al. [22] | 2012 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM10, NOx) | Cardiovascular and respiratory mortality | Mitigation (scenarios) | Other methodological approach | UNSP | Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna | Region | Upper Austria | Yes | |
Houghton et al. [23] | 2012 | Heatwaves, floods | Air temperature | Mortality (Cardiovascular, diabetes and hypertension) | Adaptation and Mitigation | Adaptation tools | Geospatial Emergency Management Support System (GEMSS) | Texas Water Development Board | City | Austin (USA) | No | |
Houghton [24] | 2011 | Tornadoes, hurricanes, heat/drought, and lightning | Air temperature, wind | Mortality, injuries | Adaptation and Mitigation | Impact Assessment Tool | Health Impact Assessment | WHO | Assess climate change resilience in specific building projects | City | Houston (USA) | No |
Kwan et al. [25] | 2016 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5), physical activity, and road crashes | Mortality | Mitigation | Impact Assessment Tool | Comparative Risk Assessment | WHO | Assess the co-benefits of a mass rapid transit project in terms of mortality reduction | City | Kuala Lumpur (Malaisia) | Yes |
Li and Crawford-Brown [26] | 2011 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) | Cardiovascular and respiratory (asthma, bronchitis) mortality | Mitigation | Adaptation tools | UNSP | US EPA | Support decision-making using cost-benefit comparisons and health co-benefit assessments of air pollution reduction | City | Bangkok (Thailand) | Yes |
Lindsay et al. [27] | 2011 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM10, NO2, CO), physical activity, road crash | Cardiovascular and respiratory (bronchitis) mortality | Mitigation | Other methodological approach | Combination of tools and survey data | University of Auckland | Estimate the effects on health, costs, air pollution, GHG emissions if short trips were undertaken by bicycle rather than car | Country | New Zealand | Yes |
Markandya et al. [28] | 2009 | UNSP | Air pollution (CO2, PM2.5) | Mortality (cardiorespiratory disease and lung cancer), acute respiratory infections | Mitigation | Nested models | Three models (POLES, GAINS, and WHO Comparative Risk Assessment) | WHO | Assess modifications of particulate air pollution and health effects resulting from GHG reduction measures in the electricity generation sector | Countries | European Union, China and India | Yes |
Perez et al. [29] | 2015 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5, elemental carbon), physical activity, noise | Mortality (noise, air pollution); DALY | Adaptation | Impact assessment tools | Health Impact Assessment | WHO | Assess the health impacts of local CC mitigation policies in the transport sector | City | Bâle (Switzerland) | Yes |
Sarigiannis et al. [30] | 2017 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and benzene) | Mortality, DALY | Mitigation (GHG reduction) | Nested models | UNSP | Aristotle University of Thessaloniki | Assess health co-benefits associated with GHG reduction policies in transportation | City | Thessaloniki (Greece) | Yes |
Smith and Haigler [31] | 2008 | Rising temperatures | Air pollution (methane, CO2) | DALY, years of life lost (YLL) | Mitigation | Other methodological approaches | UNSP | WHO | Assess health co-benefits associated with GHG reduction policies in the energy sector | Country | China | Yes |
Smith et al. [32] | 2015 | Rising temperatures | Water and food | DALY | Adaptation | Conceptual framework | UNSP | Public Health Agency of Canada | Provide a scientific assessment of CC adaptation measures to support risk management of climatic events | Region | Hypothetical case | Yes |
Thompson et al. [33] | 2016 | UNSP | Air pollution (ozone and PM2.5) | Mortality risk, morbidity (hospital admissions, emergency room visits, lost school days, acute respiratory symptoms, acute myocardial infarction (nonfatal heart attacks) and acute bronchitis) | Mitigation | Nested models | UNSP | US EPA (BenMAP) | Assess health and monetary impacts of a carbon policy at the subnational scale | Region | Northeast USA (17 States) | Yes |
Tobollik et al. [34] | 2016 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5, elemental carbon) and noise | YLL, years lived with disability (YLD) | Mitigation | Impact assessment tool | Health Impact Assessment | WHO | Assess the health co-benefits of local CC mitigation policies in the transport sector | City | Rotterdam (Netherlands) | Yes |
Tuomisto et al. [35] | 2015 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5) | Mortality, DALY | Mitigation | Nested models | Opasnet | URGENCHE (EU FP7 project) | Estimate health impacts of emissions due to heat and power consumption of buildings and give guidance on different climate mitigation options | Cities | Bâle (Switzerland), Kuopio (Finland) | Yes |
Williams et al. [36] | 2018 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5, NO2 and ozone) | YLL | Mitigation | Nested models | UNSP | King’s College | Assess health co-benefits of different CC mitigation actions in the energy sector | Country | Great Britain | Yes |
Wolkinger et al. [37] | 2018 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5, PM10 and NO2) | Mortality, hospital admissions, and years lived with disability for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Physical activity. | Mitigation | Nested models | UNSP | Center for Climate and Global Change, (Austria) | Allow a detailed health and macroeconomic assessment of CC adaptation policies | Cities | Graz, Vienna and Linz (Austria) | Yes |
Woodcock et al. [38] | 2009 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5, PM10) | YLL, YLD, DALY, and mortality | Mitigation | Impact assessment tool | Comparative Risk Assessment | WHO | Compare the health effects of different mitigation scenarios with a reference situation | Cities | New Delhi (India); London, (United Kingdom) | Yes |
Zhang et al. [39] | 2016 | UNSP | Air pollution (PM2.5) | Mortality and morbidity | Mitigation | Nested models | UNSP | Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development (Utrecht University) | Assess the potential for energy savings and emission mitigation of air pollution from China’s cement industry, and quantify the health co-benefits linked with air pollution reduction in this sector | Regions | China (all provinces) | Yes |
(b) | ||||||||||||
Author | Year | Climatic Event | Exposure | Health Issue | Strategy (Adaptation, Mitigation) | Tool Type | Name | Provider | Tool’s Objective | Scale | Area | Measure of the Health Effect |
Rudolph et al. [40] | 2018 | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | Mitigation | Conceptual framework | Climate, health, and equity vulnerability assessment | Public Health Institute Center for Climate Change and Health | Assess health and climate vulnerabilities | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP |
UNFCCC [41] | 2011 | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | Impact assessment tool | Health Impact Assessment | WHO, Curtin University WHO Collaborating Centre | Assess potential CC impacts and develop adaptation responses to support governmental decision making | UNSP | UNSP | Yes |
WHO (Europe regional office) [42] | 2013 | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | Adaptation | Adaptation tools | Health and adaptation costs | WHO | Support health adaptation planning in European states by estimating health and adaptation costs and efficiency of adaptation measures | Country | Europe | Yes |
WHO [43] | 2003 | UNSP | UNSP | Mortality morbidity | Adaptation and Mitigation | Impact assessment tool | Quantitative health impact assessment | WHO | Quantify the burden of disease from specific risk factors and estimate the benefit of realistic interventions that remove or reduce risk factors | UNSP | UNSP | Yes |
WHO [44] | 2013 | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | Adaptation | Adaptation tools | Vulnerability and adaptation assessment | WHO | Provide guidelines to improve the elaboration of vulnerability and adaptation assessment and plan the adaptation of the health sector (similar to Health National adaptation process) | Country | UNSP | Yes |
WHO [45] | 2014 | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | Adaptation | Adaptation tools | Health National adaptation process | WHO | Ensure that the process of iteratively managing the health risks of climate change is integrated into the overall National Adaptation Plan process to achieve the goals of healthy people in healthy communities | Country | Directed to developing countries and least-developed countries | Yes (indicators) |
Ontario government [46] | 2016 | UNSP | UNSP | UNSP | Adaptation | Adaptation tools | Vulnerability and adaptation assessment | WHO | Support a resilient and adaptive public health system to anticipate, take into account, and attenuate the emerging risks and impacts of CC (similar to National health adaptation process) | Province | Ontario, Canada | Yes |
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Delpla, I.; Diallo, T.A.; Keeling, M.; Bellefleur, O. Tools and Methods to Include Health in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies and Policies: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052547
Delpla I, Diallo TA, Keeling M, Bellefleur O. Tools and Methods to Include Health in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies and Policies: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052547
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelpla, Ianis, Thierno Amadou Diallo, Michael Keeling, and Olivier Bellefleur. 2021. "Tools and Methods to Include Health in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies and Policies: A Scoping Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052547