1. Introduction
In the past four decades, the prevalence of obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 30 kg/m
2 [
1], has been increasing in the US among each age, sex, and ethnic group [
2], posing serious economic, human, and societal losses. Weight loss interventions, based on clinical (e.g., bariatric surgery and medications) and behavioral (e.g., diet and exercise) interventions, have been shown to impact not only physical health outcomes, but also health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL).
A systematic review of dietary interventions and health-related quality-of-life recognized a lack of data to support whether implementing dietary change positively or negatively affects HRQoL [
3]. Several other studies have demonstrated the negative relationship between BMI and HRQoL, with greater impairments associated with extreme forms of obesity [
4,
5,
6,
7,
8], and one study explored the amount of weight loss required to achieve clinically significant improvements in HRQoL [
9].
The aim of this paper is to examine the tertiary outcomes of the OPTIWIN program, by comparing changes in HRQoL, work productivity, and activity impairment relative to weight loss among participants randomized into one of two intensive behavioral weight-loss interventions.
2. Materials and Methods
OPTIWIN (“Effectiveness of the Optifast Program Compared with a Reduced-energy Food-Based Diet Plan on Body Weight”) was an open-label, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted over 52 weeks including a 26-week weight loss phase and a 26-week weight maintenance phase. The study was conducted at nine centers across the US comprised of both academic centers and freestanding weight loss clinics. After screening 463 participants (adult males and females, aged 18–70, non-smokers, with a BMI of 30–55 kg/m2) and confirming eligibility of 330 participants, 273 met eligibility criteria and were subsequently randomized and comprised the modified intention to treat (mITT) population (135 in the intervention and 138 in the comparator group) [
10,
11]. Retention rate remained high throughout the 52 weeks of the program. The intervention, referred to as “OP”, consisted of an OPTIFAST
® (Nestlé HealthCare Nutrition USA) program of total meal replacement that provided 800–1000 kcal/day depending on baseline BMI. The comparator, referred to as “FB”, consisted of a food-based reduced-energy diet plan (modified Diabetes Prevention Program diet) that historically focused on low fat (<30% of energy derived from fat), but modified to conform to the MyPlate which incorporates ~¼ plate of lean protein, ¼ of the plate of whole grains, and ½ plate of non-starchy vegetables. Participants were asked to log their food and track their calories in diaries which were reviewed weekly by the dietitian at which time further recommendations, if needed, were provided. Both treatments were combined with a behavioral component that included education, advice, and counseling about lifestyle change including getting 150–180 min of physical activity per week. The OP group demonstrated statistically significant greater weight loss compared to the FB group: at 52 weeks, weight loss was 10.5% (±0.6%) in the OP group versus 5.5% (±0.6%) in the FB group (
p < 0.001). Details of the respective interventions, demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes have been published in detail elsewhere (Ard et al., Obesity 2019, Ard et al., Obesity Science & Practice, 2020, and Rothberg et al., Diabetes (supp) 2018).
In this study, we focused on the tertiary outcomes related to HRQoL and health-related labor outcomes using two validated instruments: Impact of Weight on Quality-of-Life (IWQOL-Lite) Questionnaire and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (General Health) (WPAI-GH) Questionnaire.
The IWQOL-Lite consists of 31 questions in 5 domains (Physical function, Self-esteem, Sexual life, Public distress, and Work). The normalized scores obtained range from 0 to 100 with higher scores implying better HRQoL [
12].
The WPAI-GH consists of 6 questions and measures the impairment in work and regular activities during the past seven days. Three of the four subscores for WPAI-GH are about QoL in the workplace measuring Absenteeism, Presenteeism, and Work Productivity Loss, and thus were only scored among the subject currently employed. The scoring of the WPAI-GH produces impairment scores with a range of 0 to 100. Higher values indicate greater impairment and less productivity [
13].
After examining univariate statistics for each measure, we developed multivariate linear regression models to assess potential differences between the OP and the FB groups for absolute values as well as change-from-baseline values for the IWQOL-Lite and the WPAI-GH. Models with change from baseline values included adjustment for baseline value. All models used the same covariates as in other OPTIWIN analyses [
10,
11], including age, sex, race/ethnicity, site, visit, and treatment and a treatment-by-visit interaction, unless differently specified. Baseline BMI was also included as a covariate in the models for IWQOL-Lite. Distributions of each of the absolute scores in the WPAI-GH were quite skewed with large proportions of respondents having a score of 0 (indicating no impairment).
4. Discussion
In the OPTIWIN study, a randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing two intensive behavioral weight loss interventions, HRQoL, work productivity, and activity impairment were assessed using two validated instruments: the IWQOL-Lite and WPAI-GH. Findings from our analyses support the evidence that greater weight loss has greater impact on HRQoL. The OP intervention resulted in significantly greater weight loss compared to the FB intervention, and as a result, improved HRQoL to a greater extent.
The IWQOL-Lite showed statistically significant differences both in absolute and change-from-baseline values between the OP and FB groups. With the exception of Sexual Life, there were statistically significant improvements in all other domains and the overall total score, with greater improvements in the OP group suggesting that the greater reduction in weight translated into greater improvements in HRQoL. Although the difference between groups in Sexual life was not significant, increases in score were seen within groups: normalized scores increased from 73.3 at baseline to 86.9 at week 52 in the OP group and from 72.1 to 83.2 in the FB group, consistent with the literature showing that overweight/obese individuals who lose weight improve their sexual life over time [
14,
15]. Previous literature suggests that weight loss ≥10% (10.5% in the OP group) is needed by people with severe obesity to achieve minimal clinically important differences in HRQoL [
16]. Therefore, clinicians should not just settle for minimal weight loss if more effective options are available.
Results from WPAI-GH showed no statistically significant difference in work productivity and activity impairments between the OP and the FB group. This could be due to a ceiling effect, i.e., a large proportion of respondents had a score of 0, indicating no impairment at the start and hence no room for improvement. Indeed, given the substantial time commitment that individuals devoted to the program (travel to and from the clinic site, time at site visit, in-person weekly counseling sessions, and the requirement for 150–180 min of physical activity per week), it is notable that participants did not experience significant worsening in absenteeism or presenteeism and maintained the same level of productivity at work. These findings indicate that even highly intensive behavioral weight loss interventions are compatible with an active work lifestyle which is consistent with other reports [
17].
There is a vast literature of published trials reporting the effects of intensive behavioral weight loss interventions on HRQoL, work productivity, and activity impairment. Their results go in the same direction of ours (improved HRQoL and labor outcomes after weight loss) even when accounting for differences (e.g., length of trial, treatment, instruments used, and mITT population characteristics) among studies [
18,
19,
20,
21].
Imayama et al. compared the effects of diet and exercise interventions on health-related quality-of-life (measured by the SF-36) and psychosocial conditions, such as stress (Perceived Stress Scale), depression (Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)-18), anxiety (BSI-18), and social support (Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey) [
18]. Four-hundred-and-thirty-nine postmenopausal women were randomly allocated to diet, exercise, diet, and exercise combined or to a control group. They found that the combined intervention of diet and exercise led to a more favorable impact on HRQoL and psychological health compared to diet or exercise alone.
Pearl et al. compared the effects of weight loss and weight loss maintenance on specific health-related quality-of-life measures including the IWQOL-Lite, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (depression), and the Perceived Stress Scale [
19]. Adult patients (
n = 137) with obesity participated in a 14-week intensive lifestyle intervention/low-calorie diet program. Those who lost ≥ 5% of initial weight were randomly assigned to lorcaserin, a weight loss drug (now withdrawn from the US market), or placebo for an additional 52 weeks. Except for weight-related public distress, significant improvements in all outcomes measured on the IWQOL-Lite were found during the initial 14 weeks and largely maintained during the subsequent 52 weeks.
Kaukua et al. randomized 38 obese men (BMI ≥35 kg/m
2) to a very low energy diet or to a control group and measured HRQoL using the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 and obesity-related psychosocial problems scale [
20]. While the weight in the control group remained stable, the intervention group lost 17% at the end of the first 4-month program and 13.9% at the end of the 4-month maintenance phase. Their findings were also in keeping with the other studies and showed that significant weight loss leads to improvements in physical functioning, social functioning, obesity-related psychosocial problems, and perceived health.
Finally, Rothberg et al. studied HRQoL using the EQ-5D index and VAS in 188 patients with severe obesity (mean BMI 40 kg/m
2) and co-morbid health conditions. The authors showed that “measured improvements in HRQoL between baseline and follow-up were greater than predicted by the reduction in BMI at follow-up” and “and that the improvement in HRQL for each kilogram lost or percentage of body weight lost is greater than would be predicted by assessing the cross-sectional relationship between BMI and HRQoL”. They also indicated that patients tend to underestimate the impact that weight has on HRQoL, and therefore measuring it before and after weight loss is paramount to understanding the relationship of weight to HRQoL [
21]. Based on the aforementioned studies, the evidence suggests that effective weight loss interventions improve HRQoL and seems to not deteriorate work productivity and activity impairments. However, more straightforward comparisons between OPTWIN and other trials are challenging due to differences in population, strategies, duration of interventions, and HRQoL measurement instruments used. Overall, the promising results from this study, confirm that comprehensive, behavioral weight loss interventions have a positive impact on HRQoL and have not significant effect in work productivity and activity impairment.
The strengths of this study are related to the strength of the OPTIWIN trial, including a study design with active comparator, multiple sites across the US, the large sample size, and the high retention rate. In addition, both diets were paired with behavioral support, education and counseling, a necessary component to promote long-term lifestyle modifications, and durable weight loss.
Limitations of the study include the composition of the sample which was predominantly female, and therefore limits generalizability to the overall population with obesity, and that measuring health-related quality-of-life questionnaires was part of the trial’s tertiary objective, and therefore the study may not have been powered to detect differences of the magnitude observed here. However, the latter could help to explain some of the non-significant results. Finally, concerns exist about the sustainability of the weight loss in the long-term as what happens months or years after the initial weight loss depends on the individual behavior and not only on the goodness of the approach followed to lose weight. Nevertheless, there is literature demonstrating that meal replacements are a sustainable weight loss approach as, in the long-term (1 to 4 years), they help to lose more weight than other interventions and facilitate weight maintenance [
22,
23].