Impact of Environmental Moral Education on Pro-Environmental Behaviour: Do Psychological Empowerment and Islamic Religiosity Matter?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Environmental Moral Education and Pro-Environmental Behaviour
2.2. The Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment
2.3. The Moderating Effect of Islamic Religiosity
3. Methodology
3.1. Hypotheses
3.2. Sampling Procedure
3.3. Instruments
3.4. Analytical Approach and Construct Validity
4. Results
4.1. Measurement Model Evaluation
4.2. Structural Equation Model Path Analysis
4.3. Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment
4.4. Moderated Mediation
5. Discussions
6. Limitations and Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Gender _____________________
- Age _____________________
- Level of education _____________________
- You are specialised in (Major) _____________________
- Have you ever attended any course, seminar or lecture related to environmental education when you were a student?
- Facing the current environmental problems, it is a priority to integrate environmental education at university.
- Environmental education should especially work on the development of skills such as critical thinking, reflexive decision-making and participation.
- For environmental education to be as effective as possible, there should be a commitment from the entire educational community.
- I believe that including environmental education at university can contribute to changing the environmental behaviour of the whole community.
- I think it is important that all teachers receive environmental training.
- Media (watch TV and/or read newspapers) improve my knowledge about environmental issues.
- I do use the Internet to improve my knowledge about environmental issues.
- My social interactions (with family, friends, etc.) improve my knowledge about environmental issues.
- Doing something about climate change makes me feel that I’m making a difference.
- Reducing my personal carbon emissions gives me a feeling of power, because my choice as a consumer counts.
- Participating in the reduction of climate change makes me feel I can have an impact on what happens.
- Taking action against climate change makes me feel I have the power to change things.
- Switching to green electricity I feel more powerful because I vote with my purchasing decisions.
- I actively participate in the activities of my local religious institute (mosque of your colony) or privately arranged religious activities (e.g., Milad).
- I enjoy more spending time with people of my religion as compared with people of other religions.
- I keep well informed about my local religious group and have some influence on its decisions.
- I regularly make financial contributions to my religious organisation (e.g., mosques).
- My religious beliefs lie behind my whole approach to life.
- Often spend time trying to increase understanding of my faith.
- It is very important for me to spend periods of time in private religious thought and reflection.
- My religious beliefs influence all my dealings in life.
- My religion is especially important to me because it answers many questions about the meaning of life.
- I often read books and magazines about my faith.
- I buy products in refillable packages.
- I buy products with green labels.
- I buy products that come with minimal packaging.
- I buy paper and plastic products that are made from recycled materials.
- I avoid buying products that have potentially harmful environmental effects.
- I limit the extra use of water.
- I use energy-efficient household devices.
- I reduce the consumption of paper in daily use.
- I use recycled paper.
- I put empty bottles and cans in a recycling bin.
- I sort my household trash for recycling.
- I recycle used plastic.
- I boycott companies known to harm the environment.
- I will sign a petition in support of promoting the environment.
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Variable | CR | AVE | M | SD | EME | PEB | IR | PEmp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EME | 0.93 | 0.64 | 2.8 | 0.94 | (0.80) | |||
PEB | 0.95 | 0.62 | 2.6 | 0.73 | 0.119 * | (0.78) | ||
IR | 0.95 | 0.67 | 3.8 | 0.90 | −0.080 | 0.184 ** | (0.82) | |
PEmp | 0.90 | 0.64 | 2.7 | 0.94 | 0.182 ** | 0.203 ** | 0.184 ** | (0.80) |
Path | Coefficient | SE | t-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Controls | ||||
Pro-Environmental Behaviour | ← Age | 0.09 * | 0.07 | 1.83 |
Pro-Environmental Behaviour | ← Gender | 0.12 * | 0.07 | 2.46 |
Main effects | ||||
Pro-Environmental Behaviour Environmental Moral Education | ← | 0.11 * | 0.04 | 2.08 |
Psychological Empowerment Environmental Moral Education | ← | 0.18 ** | 0.05 | 3.18 |
Pro-Environmental Behaviour | ← EME_X_IR | 0.15 ** | 0.04 | 2.90 |
Psychological Empowerment | ← EME_X_IR | 0.12 ** | 0.05 | 2.41 |
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Begum, A.; Jingwei, L.; Haider, M.; Ajmal, M.M.; Khan, S.; Han, H. Impact of Environmental Moral Education on Pro-Environmental Behaviour: Do Psychological Empowerment and Islamic Religiosity Matter? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041604
Begum A, Jingwei L, Haider M, Ajmal MM, Khan S, Han H. Impact of Environmental Moral Education on Pro-Environmental Behaviour: Do Psychological Empowerment and Islamic Religiosity Matter? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041604
Chicago/Turabian StyleBegum, Abida, Liu Jingwei, Maqsood Haider, Muhammad Maroof Ajmal, Salim Khan, and Heesup Han. 2021. "Impact of Environmental Moral Education on Pro-Environmental Behaviour: Do Psychological Empowerment and Islamic Religiosity Matter?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041604