Understanding Vocational Students’ Motivation for Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. SDT Motivation Types
2.3.2. Dietary Behavior
2.3.3. Physical Activity
2.3.4. Covariates
2.3.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations, Strengths, and Recommendations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n (%) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 17.8 (1.9) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 (3.5) | |
Weight status | ||
Underweight | 56 (7) | |
Normal weight | 603 (75) | |
Overweight | 124 (15) | |
Obese | 26 (3) | |
Gender | ||
Male | 303 (38) | |
Female | 506 (62) | |
Type of VET program | ||
Economics & Law | 162 (20) | |
IT | 20 (3) | |
Lifestyle & Sports | 249 (31) | |
Social Work | 66 (8) | |
Beautician | 161 (20) | |
Health Care | 60 (7) | |
Fashion | 91 (11) | |
Training level | ||
Level 1 & 2 | 89 (11) | |
Level 3 | 188 (23) | |
Level 4 | 532 (66) |
Behaviors | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | % Guideline * |
---|---|---|---|
Water (mL/day) | 1086 (671) | 1000 (536–1500) | 35 |
Regular soda (mL/day) | 330 (431) | 143 (0–500) | na |
Diet soda (mL/day) | 133 (294) | 0 (0–107) | 98 |
Energy drink (mL/day) | 65 (143) | 0 (0–71) | na |
Fruits (pieces/day) | 0.9 (2.6) | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 12 |
High-calorie snacks (portions/day) | 1.9 (1.8) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 8 |
Breakfast (days/week) | 4.7 (2.6) | 6.0 (3.0–7.0) | 48 |
MVPA (minutes/week) ** | 935 (708) | 840 (420–1260) | 49 |
Moderate PA (minutes/week) ** | 774 (646) | 690 (270–1080) | na |
Vigorous PA (minutes/week) ** | 161 (305) | 0 (0–270) | na |
Type of Motivation | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
---|---|---|
Autonomous motivation diet | 3.7 (0.8) | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) |
Controlled motivation diet | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.4 (2.8–3.8) |
Amotivation diet | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.2 (1.7–2.7) |
Autonomous motivation physical activity | 3.7 (0.8) | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) |
Controlled motivation physical activity | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) |
Amotivation physical activity | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.3–2.7) |
Variable | Null Model | Unadjusted Model a | Final Model b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | 95% CI | Beta | 95% CI | ||
High-calorie snacks (portions/week) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score diet | −3.8 ** | −6.1 to −1.5 | −3.9 ** | −6.1 to −1.6 | |
Controlled motivation score diet | −1.8 | −4.1 to −0.4 | −1.6 | −3.8–0.7 | |
Amotivation score diet | 5.7 *** | 3.6–7.9 | 4.5 *** | 2.3–6.7 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.035 | 0.022 | 0.038 | ||
Diet soda (mL/day) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score diet | 14 | −19 to −48 | 13 | −20–47 | |
Controlled motivation score diet | 15 | −18–48 | 15 | −18–48 | |
Amotivation score diet | 40 * | 8.6–72 | 33 * | 0.3–65 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.029 | 0.026 | 0.022 | ||
Fruit (pieces/day) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score diet | 0.2 *** | 0.1–0.3 | 0.2 *** | 0.1–0.3 | |
Controlled motivation score diet | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | |
Amotivation score diet | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.018 | 0.021 | 0.022 | ||
Breakfast (times/week) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score diet | 0.5 ** | 0.2–0.8 | 0.5 ** | 0.2–0.8 | |
Controlled motivation score diet | −0.1 | −0.4–0.2 | −0.1 | −0.4–0.2 | |
Amotivation score diet | −0.3 * | −0.6 to −0.1 | −0.3 * | −0.6 to −0.1 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.086 | 0.082 | 0.071 | ||
Water intake (mL/day) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score diet | 158 *** | 84–232 | 164 *** | 90–237 | |
Controlled motivation score diet | 55 | −19–129 | 46 | −28–120 | |
Amotivation score diet | −72 * | −142 to −1.2 | −66 | −138–5.9 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Variable | Null Model | Unadjusted Model b | Final Model c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | 95% CI | Beta | 95% CI | ||
Moderate PA (min/week) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score PA | 49 | −17–115 | 56 | −10–122 | |
Controlled motivation score PA | −19 | −91–53 | −23 | −95–49 | |
Amotivation score PA | −25 | −95–45 | −29 | −99–42 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.007 | ||
Vigorous PA (min/week) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score PA | 20 | −8.4–48 | 19 | −9.4–47 | |
Controlled motivation score PA | 21 | −10–51 | 22 | −8.7–52 | |
Amotivation score PA | −12 | −42–18 | −19 | −49–11 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.095 | 0.135 | 0.095 | ||
MVPA (min/week) | |||||
Autonomous motivation score PA | 69 | −2.6–140 | 74 * | 2.4–146 | |
Controlled motivation score PA | 8.0 | −70–86 | 6.4 | −72–84 | |
Amotivation score PA | −40 | −116–36 | −51 | −128–25 | |
ICC level 2 | 0.014 | 0.027 | 0.014 |
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Kuipers, A.; Kloek, G.C.; de Vries, S.I. Understanding Vocational Students’ Motivation for Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041381
Kuipers A, Kloek GC, de Vries SI. Understanding Vocational Students’ Motivation for Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041381
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuipers, Annabelle, Gitte C. Kloek, and Sanne I. de Vries. 2021. "Understanding Vocational Students’ Motivation for Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041381