Influence of the CoViD-19 Pandemic on Mental Workload and Burnout of Fashion Retailing Workers in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Protective measures against the virus: mandatory hygiene measures that workers must carry out (i.e., use of a mask, interpersonal distance of 2 m, hygiene and disinfection of hands and personal objects).
- General hygiene and protection measures: mandatory hygiene measures that establishments must carry out (i.e., the existence of protective material for the entire staff, protocol in case a worker tests positive for coronavirus or maintains contact with someone infected, cleaning protocol of the uniform, cleaning protocol of the establishment).
- Specific measures: organizational measures (i.e., entry and exit to the workplace in a staggered manner, limit the number of workers in the workplace, daily monitoring of body temperature on entry and exit from work, facilitate online sales, the establishment of limited capacity in stores and shopping centers).
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Socio-Demographical Variables
- Job position (open question)
- Age (open question)
- Gender
- (a)
- Male
- (b)
- Female
- (c)
- Other
- Level of studies
- (a)
- University Studies
- (b)
- High School Studies
- (c)
- Middle-Grade Studies
- (d)
- Secondary Studies
- Civil status
- (a)
- Single
- (b)
- Married / Stable partner
- (c)
- Separated / Divorced / Widowed
- Do you have children?
- (a)
- Yes
- (b)
- No
- How long have you been working at your current company?
- (a)
- Between 6 months and 1 year
- (b)
- Between 1 and 2 years
- (c)
- Between 2 and 5 years
- (d)
- More than 5 years
- Type of contract you currently have.
- (a)
- Fixed-term
- (b)
- Indefinite
- (c)
- Other
- Have you suffered a sick leave in the last twelve months?
- (a)
- Yes
- (b)
- No
- (a)
- Stress or anxiety
- (b)
- Depression
- (c)
- CoViD-19
- (d)
- Cardiovascular disorders
- (e)
- Musculoskeletal disorders
- (f)
- Occupational accident
- (g)
- Carcinogenic processes
- (h)
- Gastric problems
- (i)
- Others
Appendix B
CarMen-Q. Mental Workload Questionnaire
- My job requires maintaining a high level of attention (Mi trabajo requiere mantener un elevado nivel de atención)
- My work involves the processing of complex information (Mi trabajo implica el tratamiento de información compleja)
- My job requires thinking and choosing between different alternatives (Mi trabajo requiere pensar y elegir entre diferentes alternativas)
- I have to make diffi cult decisions (Tengo que tomar decisiones difíciles)
- My job requires handling a lot of knowledge(Mi trabajo requiere manejar muchos conocimientos)
- I have to work constantly, I cannot take breaks beyond strict regulations (Tengo que trabajar constantemente, no puedo hacer pausas, más allá de las estrictamente reglamentarias)
- The pace of work is excessive, diffi cult to reach even by an experienced worker(El ritmo de trabajo es excesivo, difícil de alcanzar incluso por un trabajador experimentado)
- I often work with annoying interruptions(Suelo trabajar con interrupciones molestas)
- I cannot stop my work when I need it (No puedo parar o detener mi trabajo cuando lo necesito)
- The pace of work is imposed on me (El ritmo de trabajo me viene impuesto)
- The accomplishment of my tasks demands a lot of speed (La realización de mis tareas exige mucha rapidez)
- It is normal for me to accumulate the tasks (Es normal que se me acumulen las tareas)
- My job requires no mistakes (Mi trabajo requiere que no se cometa ningún error)
- I have to give very precise responses (Tengo que dar respuestas muy precisas)
- My mistakes can have serious consequences (Mis errores pueden tener consecuencias graves)
- My job requires dealing with information that is perceived with diffi culty (Mi trabajo requiere tratar con información que se percibe con difi cultad)
- I have trouble forgetting the problems of my job (Me cuesta olvidar los problemas de mi trabajo)
- My work makes me nervous (Mi trabajo me pone nervioso)
- My work is affecting my personal relationships (family, friends...) (Mi trabajo está afectando a mis relaciones personales (familia, amigos..))
- My job involves a lot of responsibility (Mi trabajo implica mucha responsabilidad)
- I feel very tired, physically fatigued (Me siento muy cansado, fatigado físicamente)
- I have to deal with information that is not easily understood (Tengo que tratar con información que no se entiende fácilmente)
- My job requires a lot of information (Mi trabajo requiere el tratamiento de gran cantidad de información)
- My work affects me a lot emotionally (Mi trabajo me afecta mucho emocionalmente)
- My job requires memorizing a high amount of data (Mi trabajo requiere memorizar una cantidad elevada de datos)
- My work is mentally intense (Mi trabajo es mentalmente intenso)
- I have to do a great search and information gathering to carry out my tasks (He de realizar una gran búsqueda y recopilación de información para llevar a cabo mis tareas)
- When I fi nish my workday I feel a lot of physical exhaustion (Al terminar mi jornada laboral siento mucho agotamiento físico)
- My work is affecting my health (Mi trabajo está afectando a mi salud)
Appendix C
MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory
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Characteristic | Value | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 246 | 68.3 |
Male | 114 | 31.7 | |
Civil Status | Married/Stable partner | 134 | 37.2 |
Single | 205 | 56.9 | |
Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 21 | 5.9 | |
Children | Yes | 78 | 21.7 |
No | 282 | 78.3 | |
Education Level | University Studies | 247 | 68.6 |
High School Studies | 42 | 11.7 | |
Middle-Grade Studies | 40 | 11.1 | |
Secondary Studies | 31 | 8.6 | |
Labor Seniority | Between 6 months and 1 year | 78 | 21.7 |
Between 1 and 2 years | 71 | 19.7 | |
Between 2 and 5 years | 112 | 31.1 | |
More than 5 years | 99 | 27.5 | |
Job position | Sales Assistant | 150 | 41.7 |
Store Manager | 95 | 26.4 | |
Area Manager | 53 | 14.7 | |
Assistant Store Manager | 25 | 6.9 | |
Head of Sales | 11 | 3.1 | |
Human Resources Technician | 8 | 2.2 | |
Cashiers | 7 | 1.9 | |
Delivery Drivers | 3 | 0.8 | |
Visual Merchandiser | 3 | 0.8 | |
Key Account Manager | 3 | 0.8 | |
Marketing Assistant | 2 | 0.6 | |
Sick leave | Yes | 118 | 67.2 |
No | 242 | 32.8 | |
Sick leave cause | CoViD-19 | 41 | 11.4 |
Stress or Anxiety | 21 | 5.8 | |
Musculoskeletal Disorders | 15 | 4.2 | |
Gastric Problems | 9 | 2.5 | |
Occupational Accident | 6 | 1.7 | |
Cancer | 1 | 0.3 | |
Cardiovascular Disorders | 2 | 0.6 | |
Other | 23 | 6.3 |
Measure | Item/Variable | Mean | SD | Median |
---|---|---|---|---|
CoViD-19 | I am not worried about the CoViD-19 pandemic | 1.74 | 1.25 | 1.00 |
The CoViD-19 pandemic creates uncertainty in my job | 3.99 | 1.35 | 4.30 | |
I have noticed physical changes (lack of sleep, muscle aches, irritability...) since the CoViD-19 pandemic | 3.46 | 1.49 | 3.90 | |
I fear that my work situation will be affected by the pandemic | 4.25 | 1.15 | 4.60 | |
The CoViD-19 pandemic has affected several aspects of my work activity | 4.46 | 0.95 | 4.50 | |
Now I work more than before the CoViD-19 pandemic | 3.04 | 1.50 | 3.00 | |
The work environment of my work is not the same since the CoViD-19 pandemic | 3.74 | 1.35 | 3.90 | |
I think my work situation is going to get worse due to the CoViD-19 pandemic | 3.88 | 1.26 | 4.00 | |
Mental workload | Cognitive Demands | 1.59 | 0.63 | 1.65 |
Emotional Demands | 1.44 | 0.74 | 1.43 | |
Temporal Demands | 1.59 | 0.66 | 1.57 | |
Performance Demands | 1.94 | 0.61 | 2.00 | |
Burnout | Emotional Exhaustion | 25.90 | 12.36 | 25.00 |
Depersonalization | 8.06 | 6.20 | 7.00 | |
Personal Accomplishment | 35.45 | 6.98 | 36.00 |
Item | Cognitive Demands | Emotional Demands | Temporal Demands | Performance Demands | Emotional Exhaustion | Depersonalization | Personal Accomplishment | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
I am not worried about the CoViD-19 pandemic | 0.04 | 0.47 | −0.04 | 0.43 | −0.03 | 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.74 |
The CoViD-19 pandemic creates uncertainty in my job | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.45 | −0.02 | 0.74 | −0.05 | 0.47 |
I have noticed physical changes (lack of sleep, muscle aches, irritability...) since the CoViD-19 pandemic | −0.01 | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.22 | −0.07 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.00 | −0.14 | 0.02 |
I fear that my work situation will be affected by the pandemic | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.26 |
The CoViD-19 pandemic has affected several aspects of my work activity | 0.02 | 0.72 | −0.01 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.04 | 0.49 | −0.01 | 0.82 | −0.03 | 0.62 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
Now I work more than before the CoViD-19 pandemic | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
The work environment of my work is not the same since the CoViD-19 pandemic | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 0.03 | 0.65 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
I think my work situation is going to get worse due to the CoViD-19 pandemic | −0.05 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.31 | −0.02 | 0.72 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.01 | −0.16 | 0.02 |
R | 0.36 | 0.56 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 0.22 | |||||||
R2 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.05 | |||||||
F | 6.55 | 19.95 | 10.08 | 5.37 | 14.58 | 6.03 | 2.17 |
Variable | (I) Job Position | (J) Job Position | Means Differences (I-J) | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Personal Fulfillment | Sales assistant | Store manager | −4.06 | 0.000 |
Area manager | −4.40 | 0.003 | ||
Store manager | Sales assistant | 4.06 | 0.000 | |
Area manager | Sales assistant | 4.40 | 0.003 | |
Cognitive Demands | Sales assistant | Store manager | −0.56 | 0.000 |
Head of sales | −0.78 | 0.000 | ||
Area manager | −0.75 | 0.000 | ||
Store manager | Sales assistant | 0.56 | 0.000 | |
Head of sales | Sales assistant | 0.78 | 0.000 | |
Area manager | Sales assistant | 0.75 | 0.000 | |
Performance Requirements | Sales assistant | Store manager | −0.34 | 0.001 |
Area manager | −0.43 | 0.000 | ||
Store manager | Sales assistant | 0.34 | 0.001 | |
Area manager | Sales assistant | 0.43 | 0.000 |
Variable | Gender | Mean | SD | T | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive Demands | Female | 1.51 | 0.63 | 13.23 | 0.000 |
Male | 1.77 | 0.60 | |||
Emotional Demands | Female | 1.52 | 0.77 | 10.80 | 0.001 |
Male | 1.25 | 0.65 | |||
Performance Requirements | Female | 1.88 | 0.63 | 9.36 | 0.002 |
Male | 2.09 | 0.54 | |||
Emotional Exhaustion | Female | 27.65 | 12.74 | 16.32 | 0.000 |
Male | 22.11 | 10.62 |
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Rodríguez-López, A.M.; Rubio-Valdehita, S.; Díaz-Ramiro, E.M. Influence of the CoViD-19 Pandemic on Mental Workload and Burnout of Fashion Retailing Workers in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030983
Rodríguez-López AM, Rubio-Valdehita S, Díaz-Ramiro EM. Influence of the CoViD-19 Pandemic on Mental Workload and Burnout of Fashion Retailing Workers in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030983
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-López, Ana María, Susana Rubio-Valdehita, and Eva María Díaz-Ramiro. 2021. "Influence of the CoViD-19 Pandemic on Mental Workload and Burnout of Fashion Retailing Workers in Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030983
APA StyleRodríguez-López, A. M., Rubio-Valdehita, S., & Díaz-Ramiro, E. M. (2021). Influence of the CoViD-19 Pandemic on Mental Workload and Burnout of Fashion Retailing Workers in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030983