Examining Cervical Cancer Preventive Behaviors for Latinx Transmasculine Individuals among Medical Students
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. One-Way Frequency Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Assigned at birth sex | ||
Male | 17 | 45.9 |
Female | 20 | 54.1 |
Sexual orientation | ||
Heterosexual | 33 | 89.2 |
Homosexual/Lesbian | 2 | 5.4 |
Bisexual | 2 | 5.4 |
Home area | ||
Urban | 36 | 97.3 |
Rural | 1 | 2.7 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 25 | 67.6 |
Married | 7 | 18.9 |
I live with my partner (not legally married) | 5 | 13.5 |
Religious group | ||
Catholics | 14 | 37.8 |
Protestants | 6 | 16.2 |
None | 13 | 35.1 |
Other | 4 | 10.8 |
Annual income ((USD) | ||
Less than $50,000 | 19 | 51.4 |
From $50,001 to $60,000 | 2 | 5.4 |
From $60,001 to $70,000 | 4 | 10.8 |
From $70,001 to $80,000 | 1 | 2.7 |
From $80,001 to $90,000 | 1 | 2.7 |
From $90,001 to $100,000 | 3 | 8.1 |
More than $100,000 | 7 | 18.9 |
Training, seminar, or workshop related to transgender health issues | ||
Yes | 6 | 16.7 |
No | 30 | 83.3 |
Training on social/psychological aspects of transgender health | ||
Yes | 6 | 16.7 |
No | 30 | 83.3 |
Training on body modifications and transgender health | ||
Yes | 2 | 5.6 |
No | 34 | 94.4 |
Completed hours of training | ||
0 | 24 | 80 |
1 | 1 | 3.3 |
4 | 4 | 13.3 |
5 | 1 | 3.3 |
Not Manifested | Manifested | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
General Behaviors | ||||
Answered the patient’s questions. | 0 | 0 | 35 | 100 |
Used complex vocabulary to explain a condition or treatment to the patient. | 32 | 91.4 | 3 | 8.6 |
Had adequate visual contact with the patient. | 1 | 2.9 | 33 | 94.3 |
Explored psychosocial factors that might be linked to the patient’s situation (i.e., support group, transportation, access to care, etc.). | 21 | 60 | 14 | 40 |
Addressed the patient’s concern regarding family conflict and/or explored how it might be linked to the patient’s current situation. | 30 | 85.7 | 5 | 14.3 |
Showed a condescending attitude (childish style). | 14 | 40 | 21 | 60 |
Showed a condescending attitude (dictatorial style). | 26 | 74.3 | 5 | 14.3 |
Explored the patient’s reasons for avoiding visiting doctors. | 27 | 77.1 | 8 | 22.9 |
Explained physical examination procedures (i.e., identify abnormalities, pain). | 4 | 12.1 | 29 | 87.9 |
Asked if patient was comfortable with physical contact before proceeding to physical exam. | 26 | 78.8 | 7 | 21.2 |
Recommended or prescribed pain medication. | 33 | 94.3 | 2 | 5.7 |
Gender Affirming Behaviors | ||||
Explored the name and pronouns the patient prefers. | 21 | 60 | 14 | 40 |
Asked about current gender identity. | 9 | 25.7 | 26 | 74.3 |
Asked questions related to patient’s at-birth genitalia. | 14 | 40 | 20 | 57.1 |
Confused or assumed birth genitals. | 26 | 74.3 | 5 | 14.3 |
Asked if patient is sexually active. | 3 | 8.6 | 32 | 91.4 |
Explored patient’s sexual history (penetrative or receptive). | 29 | 82.9 | 5 | 14.3 |
Explored safe sex practices (i.e., condom use). | 10 | 28.6 | 25 | 71.4 |
Discussed gender-affirming surgeries (i.e., mastectomy, reassignment surgery, hysterectomy). | 2 | 5.7 | 33 | 94.3 |
Explored if the patient is currently using hormones. | 35 | 100 | ||
Explored if hormone treatment is medically supervised. | 19 | 54.3 | 16 | 45.7 |
Made discouraging comments about hormone use. | 35 | 100 | ||
Explored potential concerns and/or discomfort that patient might have experienced in the waiting room. | 35 | 100 | ||
Used gendered language (i.e., vagina, menstruation, uterus, ovaries, cervix). | 19 | 54.3 | 16 | 45.7 |
Explored previous experiences with doctors (i.e., negative patient/providers interactions). | 30 | 85.7 | 4 | 11.4 |
Cervical Cancer Preventive Behaviors | ||||
Explored previous gynecological checkups. | 25 | 71.4 | 10 | 28.6 |
Discussed family history of cervical cancer. | 2 | 5.7 | 33 | 94.3 |
Asked about hysterectomy. | 17 | 54.8 | 13 | 41.9 |
Asked if patient had HPV vaccination. | 19 | 54.3 | 16 | 45.7 |
Explored specific symptoms linked to cervical cancer (i.e., pelvic pain, irregular bleeding). | 18 | 51.4 | 17 | 48.6 |
Asked about previous cancer screening. | 8 | 22.9 | 27 | 77.1 |
Explained cancer screening procedures. | 24 | 68.6 | 11 | 31.4 |
Explained HPV and its link to cancer. | 20 | 57.1 | 14 | 40 |
Asked if the patient preferred to collect the sample by himself (i.e., self-swab). | 30 | 85.7 | 5 | 14.3 |
Offered alternatives if patient expressed discomfort during clinical encounter and/or physical exam (i.e., keep shirt, come back another day). | 5 | 14.3 | 30 | 85.7 |
Referred a cancer screening test. | 1 | 2.9 | 34 | 97.1 |
Managed patient’s concerns regarding gynecologist referral. | 13 | 37.1 | 22 | 62.9 |
Recommended HPV vaccine. | 21 | 60 | 14 | 40 |
Offered recommendations to address chief complaint (i.e., STD test, pain management strategies). | 1 | 2.9 | 34 | 97.1 |
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Ramos-Pibernus, A.; Carminelli-Corretjer, P.; Bermonti-Pérez, M.; Tollinchi-Natali, N.; Jiménez-Ricaurte, C.; Mejías-Serrano, D.; Silva-Reteguis, J.; Moreta-Ávila, F.; Blanco, M.; Justiz, L.; et al. Examining Cervical Cancer Preventive Behaviors for Latinx Transmasculine Individuals among Medical Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030851
Ramos-Pibernus A, Carminelli-Corretjer P, Bermonti-Pérez M, Tollinchi-Natali N, Jiménez-Ricaurte C, Mejías-Serrano D, Silva-Reteguis J, Moreta-Ávila F, Blanco M, Justiz L, et al. Examining Cervical Cancer Preventive Behaviors for Latinx Transmasculine Individuals among Medical Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030851
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos-Pibernus, Alíxida, Paola Carminelli-Corretjer, Mario Bermonti-Pérez, Nelmit Tollinchi-Natali, Coral Jiménez-Ricaurte, David Mejías-Serrano, Julian Silva-Reteguis, Fabian Moreta-Ávila, Malynie Blanco, Lellanes Justiz, and et al. 2021. "Examining Cervical Cancer Preventive Behaviors for Latinx Transmasculine Individuals among Medical Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030851
APA StyleRamos-Pibernus, A., Carminelli-Corretjer, P., Bermonti-Pérez, M., Tollinchi-Natali, N., Jiménez-Ricaurte, C., Mejías-Serrano, D., Silva-Reteguis, J., Moreta-Ávila, F., Blanco, M., Justiz, L., Febo, M., & Rivera-Segarra, E. (2021). Examining Cervical Cancer Preventive Behaviors for Latinx Transmasculine Individuals among Medical Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030851