Effect of Public Empathy with Infection-Control Guidelines on Infection-Prevention Attitudes and Behaviors: Based on the Case of COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Types of COVID-19 Damage
2.2. Factors Influencing COVID-19 Infection-Prevention Behaviors
2.2.1. Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, and Behaviors
2.2.2. Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, and Attitudes
2.2.3. Attitude and Behavior
2.3. Social Empathy
2.4. Conceptual Model
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Perceived Susceptibility
3.2.2. Perceived Severity
3.2.3. COVID-19 Infection-Prevention Attitudes
3.2.4. COVID-19 Infection-Prevention Behaviors
3.2.5. Empathy with COVID-19 Infection-Control Guidelines
3.2.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample
4.2. Measurement Model
4.3. Structural Model 1
4.4. Groups Categorized by the Public’s Empathy with COVID-19 Infection-Control Guidelines
4.5. Structural Model 2
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Strengths and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Construct 1: Perceived susceptibility (SC) SC 1: I think it might be possible that I get infected with COVID-19. SC 2: I think it might be possible that my family members get infected with COVID-19. |
Construct 2: Perceived severity of physical damage (p-SV) p-SV 1: I think the spread of COVID-19 increases the extent of physical damage. p-SV 2: I think the development of COVID-19 increases the extent of physical damage. |
Construct 3: Perceived severity of economic damage (e-SV) e-SV 1: I think COVID-19 has a negative impact on my local economy. e-SV 2: I think COVID-19 has a negative impact on other local economies. |
Construct 4: COVID-19 infection-prevention attitude (IPA) IPA 1: I think I should follow infection-control guidelines despite inconveniences. IPA 2: I think I should follow infection-control guidelines despite personal costs. IPA 3: I think I should follow infection-control guidelines with a sense of social responsibility. |
Construct 5: COVID-19 infection-prevention behavior (IPB) IPB 1: I am practicing social distancing to prevent COVID-19 infection. IPB 2: I always wear a mask to prevent COVID-19 infection. IPB 3: I frequently wash my hands to prevent COVID-19 infection. |
Construct 6: Public empathy with COVID-19 infection-control guidelines (RE) RE 1: I empathize (agree) with social distancing guidelines to prevent COVID-19 infections. RE 2: I empathize (agree) with masking guidelines to prevent COVID-19 infections. RE 3: I empathize (agree) with delaying the opening of schools to prevent COVID-19 infections. RE 4: I empathize (agree) with requiring COVID-19 tests to prevent COVID-19 infections. RE 5: I empathize (agree) with sharing information to prevent COVID-19 infections. |
Characteristics | Frequency | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 107 | 50.7 |
Female | 104 | 49.3 | |
Age | 20s | 52 | 24.6 |
30s | 54 | 25.6 | |
40s | 54 | 25.6 | |
50s and older | 51 | 24.2 | |
Place of residence | Seoul metropolitan area | 135 | 64.0 |
Chungcheong and Gangwon region | 23 | 10.9 | |
Gyeongsang region | 42 | 19.9 | |
Jeolla region | 11 | 5.2 | |
Educational background | High school graduation or lower | 31 | 14.7 |
Junior college graduation | 28 | 13.3 | |
4-year university graduation | 127 | 60.2 | |
Graduate school graduation | 25 | 11.8 | |
Type of employment | Regular worker | 111 | 52.6 |
Part-time worker | 13 | 6.2 | |
Freelancer | 6 | 2.8 | |
Housewife, student, and others | 81 | 38.4 | |
Average monthly household income * | <2 million won | 22 | 10.5 |
≥2 million won to <3 million won | 43 | 20.4 | |
≥3 million won to <4 million won | 37 | 17.5 | |
≥4 million won to <5 million won | 39 | 18.5 | |
≥5 million won | 70 | 33.2 |
Construct | Measures | Standardized Estimate | Cronbach’s α | CR | AVE | Inter-Construct Correlations | Mean (SD) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | p-SV | e-SV | IPA | IPB | PE | |||||||
Perceived susceptibility | SC1 | 0.736 | 0.942 | 0.947 | 0.900 | 0.949 | 3.730 (0.569) | |||||
SC2 | 0.622 | |||||||||||
Perceived severity of physical damage | p-SV1 | 0.959 | 0.856 | 0.999 | 0.998 | 0.392 | 0.999 | 2.936 (0.763) | ||||
p-SV2 | 0.780 | |||||||||||
Perceived severity of economic damage | e-SV1 | 0.877 | 0.778 | 0.987 | 0.975 | 0.505 | 0.046 | 0.987 | 3.780 (0.793) | |||
e-SV2 | 0.689 | |||||||||||
Infection-prevention attitude | IPA1 | 0.893 | 0.929 | 0.999 | 0.996 | 0.503 | 0.131 | 0.527 | 0.998 | 4.321 (0.701) | ||
IPA2 | 0.912 | |||||||||||
IPA3 | 0.905 | |||||||||||
Infection-prevention behavior | IPB1 | 0.791 | 0.814 | 0.978 | 0.939 | 0.42 | 0.055 | 0.419 | 0.820 | 0.969 | 4.409 (0.594) | |
IPB2 | 0.909 | |||||||||||
IPB3 | 0.852 | |||||||||||
Infection-control guidelines Public empathy | RE1 | 0.840 | 0.788 | 0.998 | 0.988 | 0.369 | 0.041 | 0.509 | 0.696 | 0.655 | 0.994 | 4.002 (0.576) |
RE2 | 0.773 | |||||||||||
RE3 | 0.696 | |||||||||||
RE4 | 0.744 | |||||||||||
RE5 | 0.612 |
Construct | Mean | Standard Deviation | Empathy Group | Mean | Standard Deviation | T-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived susceptibility | 3.730 | 0.569 | High | 3.781 | 0.581 | 1.961 |
Low | 3.615 | 0.529 | ||||
Perceived susceptibility Perceived severity of physical damage | 2.936 | 0.763 | High | 2.908 | 0.816 | −0.894 |
Low | 3.000 | 0.631 | ||||
Perceived severity of economic damage | 3.780 | 0.793 | High | 3.908 | 0.759 | 3.612 *** |
Low | 3.492 | 0.798 | ||||
Infection-prevention attitudes | 4.321 | 0.701 | High | 4.505 | 0.550 | 5.347 *** |
Low | 3.908 | 0.822 | ||||
Infection-prevention behaviors | 4.409 | 0.594 | High | 4.564 | 0.479 | 5.396 *** |
Low | 4.062 | 0.679 |
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Song, E.; Lee, J.-E.; Kwon, S. Effect of Public Empathy with Infection-Control Guidelines on Infection-Prevention Attitudes and Behaviors: Based on the Case of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413408
Song E, Lee J-E, Kwon S. Effect of Public Empathy with Infection-Control Guidelines on Infection-Prevention Attitudes and Behaviors: Based on the Case of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):13408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413408
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Eugene, Jae-Eun Lee, and Seola Kwon. 2021. "Effect of Public Empathy with Infection-Control Guidelines on Infection-Prevention Attitudes and Behaviors: Based on the Case of COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 13408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413408
APA StyleSong, E., Lee, J.-E., & Kwon, S. (2021). Effect of Public Empathy with Infection-Control Guidelines on Infection-Prevention Attitudes and Behaviors: Based on the Case of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413408