Prevalence and Correlates of Prescription Drug Misuse in a Nationwide Population Survey in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Participants, and Procedure
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Prescription Drug Misuse (PDM)
2.2.2. Psychopathological Symptom Assessment
2.2.3. Suicide Risk Assessment and Help-Seeking Experience
2.2.4. Health-Related Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Personal Characteristics and Prevalence of PDM
3.2. Associated Psychopathology and Psychosocial Factors of PDM
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Prescription Drug Misuse | Chi-Square * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | Dependency | Withdrawal | Functional Impairment | |||
N | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-Value | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 1048 | 972 (92.7) | 77 (7.3) | 9 (0.9) | 3 (0.3) | 4 (0.4) | 0.06 |
Female | 1078 | 974 (90.4) | 103 (9.6) | 20 (1.9) | 13 (1.2) | 2 (0.2) | |
Age | |||||||
15–24 | 301 | 274 (91.1) | 27 (8.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0.2 |
25−44 | 745 | 686 (92.2) | 58 (7.8) | 10 (1.3) | 4 (0.6) | 3 (0.4) | |
45−64 | 728 | 655 (90.0) | 73 (10.1) | 13 (1.7) | 8 (1.1) | 3 (0.4) | |
≥65 | 352 | 330 (93.6) | 22 (6.4) | 7 (1.9) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
Marriage | |||||||
Unmarried | 704 | 647 (92.0) | 57 (8.1) | 6 (0.9) | 4 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 0.1 |
Married | 1346 | 1233 (91.6) | 113 (8.4) | 21 (1.6) | 9 (0.7) | 2 (0.2) | |
Divorce | 41 | 34 (83.9) | 7 (16.1) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.2) | |
Widowed | 28 | 26 (93.4) | 2 (6.6) | 1 (3.8) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
Unknown | 8 | 6 (73.1) | 2 (26.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Education | |||||||
Primary school | 164 | 151 (92.4) | 13 (7.6) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.2 |
Junior high | 222 | 202 (90.9) | 20 (9.2) | 7 (3.0) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
Senior | 583 | 537 (92.2) | 46 (7.8) | 11 (1.8) | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | |
College | 294 | 267 (90.6) | 28 (9.4) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.1) | |
University | 725 | 665 (91.7) | 60 (8.3) | 9 (1.3) | 9 (1.2) | 4 (0.5) | |
Graduate | 136 | 123 (90.5) | 13 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | |
Unknown | 2 | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
n (%) | Prescription Drug Misuse | ||
---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
(n = 180) | (n = 1946) | p-Value | |
Psychopathology | |||
Insomnia | 71 (39.4) | 462 (23.7) | <0.0001 |
Anxiety | 43 (23.9) | 281 (14.4) | <0.001 |
Hostility | 60 (33.3) | 392 (20.1) | <0.0001 |
Depression | 58 (32.2) | 309 (15.9) | <0.0001 |
Inferiority | 41 (22.8) | 268 (13.8) | <0.0001 |
BSRS-5 ≥ 6 | 25 (13.9) | 111 (5.7) | <0.0001 |
Suicide Ideation | |||
Lifetime | 42 (23.3) | 205 (10.5) | <0.0001 |
Past one year | 9 (5.0) | 33 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Past month | 5 (2.8) | 10 (0.5) | <0.05 |
Past week | 6 (3.3) | 22 (1.1) | <0.05 |
Suicide Attempt | |||
Lifetime | 9 (5.0) | 29 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Past year | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | <0.05 |
past month | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | <0.05 |
Help-Seeking Experience | |||
Psychiatric service | 12 (6.7) | 70 (3.6) | <0.05 |
Non-psychiatric medical service | 11 (6.1) | 77 (4.0) | 0.2 |
Other mental health professionals | 7 (3.9) | 39 (2.0) | 0.1 |
Folk therapy or religion | 11 (6.1) | 86 (4.4) | 0.3 |
n (%) | Prescription Drug Misuse | ||
---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
(n = 180) | (n = 1946) | p-Value | |
Mental Health | |||
Very good | 47 (26.1) | 670 (34.5) | <0.001 |
Good | 87 (48.3) | 937 (48.2) | |
Fair | 28 (15.6) | 273 (14.0) | |
Poor | 13 (7.2) | 49 (2.5) | |
Very poor | 3 (1.7) | 11 (0.6) | |
Unknown | 2 (1.1) | 4 (0.2) | |
Physical Health | |||
Very good | 26 (14.4) | 371 (19.1) | <0.001 |
Good | 86 (47.8) | 926 (47.6) | |
Fair | 36 (20.0) | 467 (24.0) | |
Poor | 18 (10.0) | 149 (7.7) | |
Very poor | 14 (7.8) | 29 (1.5) | |
Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.2) | |
Self-efficacy ^, Mean (SD) | 74.2 (14.7) | 79.9 (13.8) | <0.001 |
Low | 83 (47.0) | 585 (30.6) | <0.0001 |
Medium | 64 (36.1) | 691 (36.2) | |
High | 30 (16.9) | 634 (33.2) |
Prescription Drug Misuse | ||
---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Gender | ||
Male | 1 | |
Female | 1.30 (0.95–1.79) | 0.1 |
Age | ||
15–24 | 1.46 (0.80–2.66) | 0.4 |
25–44 | 1.13 (0.67–1.89) | 0.5 |
45–64 | 1.48 (0.90–2.44) | 0.2 |
≥65 | 1 | |
Psychopathology (BSRS-5) | ||
Insomnia | 1.52 (1.06–2.16) | <0.05 |
Depression | 1.77 (1.22–2.57) | <0.05 |
Self-Efficacy | ||
Low | 2.29 (1.46–3.60) | <0.001 |
Medium | 1.73 (1.10–2.72) | <0.05 |
High | 1 | |
Suicide ideation (lifetime) ^ | 1.68 (1.08–2.61) | <0.05 |
Suicide attempt (lifetime) ^ | 1.21 (0.52–2.84) | 0.7 |
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Liu, S.-W.; Wu, C.-Y.; Lee, M.-B.; Huang, M.-C.; Chan, C.-T.; Chen, C.-Y. Prevalence and Correlates of Prescription Drug Misuse in a Nationwide Population Survey in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412961
Liu S-W, Wu C-Y, Lee M-B, Huang M-C, Chan C-T, Chen C-Y. Prevalence and Correlates of Prescription Drug Misuse in a Nationwide Population Survey in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):12961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412961
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Shu-Wei, Chia-Yi Wu, Ming-Been Lee, Ming-Chi Huang, Chia-Ta Chan, and Chun-Ying Chen. 2021. "Prevalence and Correlates of Prescription Drug Misuse in a Nationwide Population Survey in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 12961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412961