Relationships between Plantar Pressure Distribution and Rearfoot Alignment in the Taiwanese College Athletes with Plantar Fasciopathy during Static Standing and Walking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments and Equipment
2.3. PPDs Assessment
- Roll both trouser legs up to above the knees to prevent the clothing from limiting movements of the extremities;
- Stand barefoot on the sensing cushion with the specific marks and measuring range of the JC Mat;
- Relax the body. Control and balance the center of gravity by standing with feet shoulder-width apart and with body weight evenly distributed on feet;
- Stampede for six to eight steps, then stand still with a natural posture and arms hanging straight down at the sides;
- Face the experiment instructor. Look the instructor straight in the eye. Keep the body stationary and balanced until no obvious changes are seen in the foot pressure value measured by the JC Mat.
2.4. PPDs Data Analysis
2.5. Rearfoot Postural Alignment Assessment
2.6. Self-Reported Health Status Examination
2.7. Pain Assessment
- Plantar pain reproduced by palpating the plantar medial calcaneal tubercle at the site of the plantar fascial insertion on the heel bone;
- Plantar pain reproduced with passive dorsiflexion of the foot and toes;
- Passive dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (test to provoke symptoms at the plantar fascia by creating maximal stretch), positive test if the pain is reproduced.
- The physiotherapist examined the PF athletes’ self-reported health status and pain complaints, and guided them to stand with bare feet and roll their trouser legs up to above the knees.
- The physiotherapist examined the PF participants’ lower extremities by palpating and pressing their feet (including navicular bones, cuboid bones, phalanges, metatarsals, and calcaneus), ankles, patella, knees, hips, tibias, fibulas and femur according to the participants’ self-reported health status, and re-examined the corresponding position on the other side of the pain areas. The physiotherapist, then, assessed the skeletal arrangement of the participants’ lower limbs.
- In order to confirm the participants’ pain areas precisely, the physiotherapist examined the following specific parts of the participants’ common pain areas: (1) soft tissues, e.g., the plantar fascia, the Achilles tendon, the gastrocnemius, the tibialis anterior and posterior, the biceps, the quadriceps femoris, the medial and lateral ankle ligaments, the anterior cruciate ligaments, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, the abductor hallucis and abductor digiti minimi of plantar plate and the lower back; (2) bone tissues of both feet, i.e., navicular bones, cuboid bones, phalanges, metatarsals, and calcaneus; (3) the ankles; (4) the patella; (5) the knees; (6) the hips and (7) tibias.
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Arch Index
3.2. PPDs Assessment in Static Standing
3.3. PPDs Assessment during the Midstance Phase of Walking
3.4. PPDs of the Static Standing Versus the Midstance Phase of Walking
3.5. Rearfoot Postural Alignment Assessment
3.6. Self-Reported Health Status and Pain Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control Group 1 | PF Group 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Number | 209 | 105 | 104 | 202 | 100 | 102 |
Age (years) | 20.1 ± 0.9 | 19.9 ± 0.9 | 20.2 ± 0.8 | 21.2 ± 0.8 | 22.1 ± 0.9 | 20.2 ± 0.7 |
Height (cm) | 165.7 ± 5.9 | 168.4 ± 5.2 | 162.9 ± 5.2 | 168.6 ± 7.5 | 170.5 ± 5.8 | 166.6 ± 4.9 |
Mass (kg) | 61.2 ± 4.7 | 63.7 ± 4.5 | 58.6 ± 3.5 | 64.5 ± 4.8 | 65.4 ± 4.1 | 63.5 ± 3.1 |
BMI | 22.3 ± 1.2 | 22.4 ± 1.0 | 22.1 ± 1.3 | 22.7 ± 1.5 | 22.5 ± 1.6 | 22.8 ± 1.7 |
Gender | Left Foot | Right Foot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Group | PF Group | p Value 1 | Control Group | PF Group | p Value 1 | |
Total | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.593 | 0.23 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.565 |
Male | 0.23 ± 0.08 | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.042 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.037 |
Female | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 0.22 ± 0.09 | 0.587 | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.23 ± 0.08 | 0.687 |
Gender and Region | Static Standing | Midstance Phase of Walking | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Left Foot | Right Foot | Left Foot | Right Foot | |
Total (n = 202) | ||||
Lateral Metatarsal bone (LM) | 21.27 ± 5.29 | 22.90 ± 8.06 | 29.62 ± 4.01 2 | 27.76 ± 5.84 2 |
Lateral Longitudinal Arch (LLA) | 18.58 ± 4.19 | 17.50 ± 4.51 | 21.13 ± 3.12 2 | 19.50 ± 3.93 2 |
Lateral Heel (LH) | 13.51 ± 5.25 | 12.06 ± 7.92 | 16.77 ± 2.01 2 | 17.95 ± 5.21 2 |
Medial Metatarsal bone (MM) | 25.33 ± 4.97 | 26.08 ± 5.30 | 24.19 ± 5.04 1 | 25.99 ± 6.01 |
Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA) | 1.12 ± 0.36 | 1.36 ± 0.30 | 0.81 ± 0.51 2 | 0.98 ± 0.57 2 |
Medial Heel (MH) | 20.20 ± 5.78 | 20.11 ± 4.76 | 7.48 ± 3.82 2 | 7.82 ± 4.88 2 |
Male (n = 100) | ||||
Lateral Metatarsal bone (LM) | 18.79 ± 5.61 | 16.03 ± 3.87 | 30.42 ± 3.18 2 | 26.74 ± 4.96 2 |
Lateral Longitudinal Arch (LLA) | 18.95 ± 4.58 | 16.98 ± 4.67 | 20.71 ± 2.97 2 | 17.88 ± 3.51 |
Lateral Heel (LH) | 17.32 ± 4.56 | 18.91 ± 5.67 | 16.39 ± 2.31 | 16.79 ± 4.48 2 |
Medial Metatarsal bone (MM) | 26.21 ± 4.67 | 27.49 ± 5.32 | 25.00 ± 4.55 | 28.47 ± 5.47 |
Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA) | 0.87 ± 0.02 | 1.37 ± 0.31 | 0.85 ± 0.38 | 1.02 ± 0.49 2 |
Medial Heel (MH) | 17.88 ± 6.52 | 19.24 ± 5.63 | 6.63 ± 3.75 2 | 9.09 ± 6.14 2 |
Female (n = 102) | ||||
Lateral Metatarsal bone (LM) | 23.71 ± 3.57 | 29.64 ± 4.68 | 28.85 ± 4.57 2 | 28.75 ± 6.47 |
Lateral Longitudinal Arch (LLA) | 18.21 ± 3.74 | 18.00 ± 4.32 | 21.54 ± 3.22 2 | 21.09 ± 3.67 2 |
Lateral Heel (LH) | 9.78 ± 2.44 | 5.35 ± 1.12 | 17.13 ± 1.59 2 | 19.08 ± 5.63 2 |
Medial Metatarsal bone (MM) | 24.46 ± 5.13 | 24.69 ± 4.91 | 23.40 ± 5.38 | 23.57 ± 5.53 |
Medial Longitudinal Arch (MLA) | 1.37 ± 0.37 | 1.35 ± 0.29 | 0.77 ± 0.61 2 | 0.94 ± 0.65 2 |
Medial Heel (MH) | 22.47 ± 3.78 | 20.97 ± 3.54 | 8.31 ± 3.73 2 | 6.57 ± 2.70 2 |
Gender | Left Foot | Right Foot | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Group | PF Group | p Value 1 | Control Group | PF Group | p Value 1 | |
Total | 4.01 ± 2.52 | 5.87 ± 3.03 | 0.037 | 5.04 ± 3.83 | 11.85 ± 5.71 | 0.000 |
Male | 3.64 ± 2.51 | 5.51 ± 3.76 | 0.000 | 4.72 ± 3.38 | 11.66 ± 6.87 | 0.000 |
Female | 4.40 ± 2.47 | 6.23 ± 2.03 | 0.216 | 5.39 ± 4.25 | 12.02 ± 4.31 | 0.225 |
Bone Pain | Soft-Tissue Pain | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pain Area | College Athletes with PF (No. [%]) | Pain Area | College Athletes with PF (No. [%]) |
Foot (Calcaneus) | 167 (82.7) | Plantar fascia (medial band) | 156 (77.2) |
Foot (Plantar metatarsal bone 1st & 2nd) | 115 (56.9) | Plantar fascia (medial band) | 121 (59.9) |
Foot (Metatarsophalangeal joint 1st & 2nd) | 92 (45.5) | Plantar fascia (medial band) | 103 (51.0) |
Lateral ankle joint | 73 (36.1) | Achilles tendon | 88 (43.6) |
Medial knee joint | 61 (30.2) | Gastrocnemius | 81 (40.1) |
Femur | 56 (27.7) | Hamstring muscles | 76 (37.6) |
Patella | 55 (27.2) | Quadriceps femoris | 69 (34.2) |
Lateral knee joint | 47 (23.3) | Plantar plate (Abductor hallucis) | 41 (20.3) |
Tibia | 38 (18.8) | Plantar plate (Abductor digiti minimi) | 35 (17.3) |
Hip joint | 27 (13.4) | Lower back | 30 (14.9) |
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Chow, T.-H.; Chen, Y.-S.; Hsu, C.-C. Relationships between Plantar Pressure Distribution and Rearfoot Alignment in the Taiwanese College Athletes with Plantar Fasciopathy during Static Standing and Walking. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412942
Chow T-H, Chen Y-S, Hsu C-C. Relationships between Plantar Pressure Distribution and Rearfoot Alignment in the Taiwanese College Athletes with Plantar Fasciopathy during Static Standing and Walking. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):12942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412942
Chicago/Turabian StyleChow, Tong-Hsien, Yih-Shyuan Chen, and Chin-Chia Hsu. 2021. "Relationships between Plantar Pressure Distribution and Rearfoot Alignment in the Taiwanese College Athletes with Plantar Fasciopathy during Static Standing and Walking" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 12942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412942