Nurses’ Awareness and Actual Nursing Practice Situation of Stroke Care in Acute Stroke Units: A Japanese Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Method of Survey
2.2. Participants
2.3. Survey Period
2.4. Development of the Questionnaires
- The contents of the curriculum for nursing practice for patients with acute CVA [27,28] were identified and used as questions about the care of patients with acute CVA. We also examined the contents of the systematic review conducted by Theofanidis and Gibbon [17] on nursing interventions in acute stroke care and identified and developed 52 questions. The questions were validated by three CNs in stroke rehabilitation nursing with 10 years of experience, a neurosurgeon and professor, and five faculty members of nursing colleges.
- The 52 questions on the awareness of the importance of nursing care in patients with acute CVA were compiled into a questionnaire format. The participants were asked to evaluate their awareness of nursing practice (i.e., the degree of importance) on the Likert scale: 1 = “not at all important”, 2 = “slightly important”, 3 = “neutral”, 4 = “somewhat important”, and 5 = “very important”. The participants evaluated their actual practice status using the Likert scale: 1 = “almost never”, 2 = “sometimes”, 3 = “neutral”, 4 = “very often”, and 5 = “almost always”. Please refer to Appendix A to review all items.
- The participants’ characteristics were age, sex, position (i.e., nurse manager or not in managerial position), certification status as a nurse or a nurse specialist, total years of experience as a nurse, total years of experience in the acute phase CVA care, number of beds in their hospitals, number of beds in the SCU, and the number of patients with CVA admitted in 1 year within 3 days of CVA onset.
2.5. Ethical Considerations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Results of the EFA
- Factor 1: “Reacquisition of ADL” refers to the nursing practices that help to re-establish the ADL after its reduction by CVA.
- Factor 2: “Reduction of mental and social distress in patients and their families” refers to the nursing practice of being aware of the psychological distress of patients and family members and providing care.
- Factor 3: “Recognition of patients’ physical changes” (RPPCs) refers to the nursing practice of being aware of changes in the general condition and neurologic symptoms of patients after CVA and promptly reporting them to physicians.
- Factor 4: “Reduction of the risk of recurrence and providing discharge support” refers to the nursing practice of managing a smooth hospital discharge and transfer and preventing a post-discharge recurrence of CVA.
- Factor 5: “Collaboration with therapists” refers to the nursing practice of promoting patient training by physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists, and functional recovery training by nurses.
- Factor 6: “Reduction of patients’ physical distress” refers to the nursing practice of being aware of physical changes after CVA care and treatment-related physical pain and taking measures to reduce it.
- Factor 7: “Prevention of the worsening of acute CVA and related symptoms” refers to the nursing practice of preventing sudden changes in circulatory dynamics, respiratory complications, and an increase in intracranial pressure.
- Factor 8: “Appropriate management of patients’ physical conditions” refers to the nursing practice of preventing secondary complications related to the restriction of movement and promoting appropriate nutritional and fluid intake and safe medical treatment without harming patients’ health.
3.3. Mean Difference between Awareness and the Actual Practice of Care for Patients with Acute CVA for Each of the Eight Factors
3.4. Results of the Comparisons of the Care of Patients with Acute CVA and Different Certifications of SCU Nurses
3.5. Results of Comparisons of the Actual Care of Patients and the Capacity of Hospitals
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Participants
4.2. EFA
4.3. The Mean Difference between Awareness and the Actual Practice of Care for Patients with Acute CVA for Each of the Eight Factors
4.4. Comparative Analysis of the Care of Patients with Acute CVA and the Characteristics of SCU Nurses
4.5. Limitations and Generalizability of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Items on Awareness | |
Q1-1 | Should recognize the severity of stroke |
Q1-2 | Should recognize the treatment progress from the onset of stroke |
Q1-3 | Should recognize the need for treatment in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-4 | Should recognize the changes in intracranial hypertension due to stroke |
Q1-5 | Should recognize the changes in consciousness disorder due to stroke |
Q1-6 | Should recognize changes in motor dysfunction due to stroke |
Q1-7 | Should recognize the changes in sensory dysfunction due to stroke |
Q1-8 | Should recognize the changes in swallowing dysfunction due to stroke |
Q1-9 | Should recognize the changes in eye symptoms (e.g., pupil diameter, light reflex, and eye movement) due to stroke |
Q1-10 | Should recognize the changes in higher brain dysfunction due to stroke |
Q1-11 | Should recognize the changes in the general condition of patients with acute stroke |
Q1-12 | Should recognize the exacerbation risk in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-13 | Should report changes in the disease state of patients with acute stroke to physicians at the appropriate time |
Q1-14 | Should provide nursing care to prevent exacerbation of intracranial hypertension in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-15 | Should provide nursing care to prevent sudden changes in the circulatory dynamics of patients with acute stroke |
Q1-16 | Should provide nursing care to prevent respiratory complications in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-17 | Should ensure that patients with acute stroke receive appropriate treatment from physicians |
Q1-18 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to avoid the risk of secondary complications due to restricted movement |
Q1-19 | Should provide nursing care to ensure optimal nutrition and fluid intake in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-20 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to avoid the risk of physical injury and to ensure safe medical treatment |
Q1-21 | Should try to recognize the distress caused to patients with acute stroke because they are unable to communicate to others |
Q1-22 | Should make attempts to reduce pain due to physical changes caused by a stroke |
Q1-23 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to minimize physical distress through treatment and care |
Q1-24 | Should defend the human rights of patients with acute stroke who cannot communicate by their own will |
Q1-25 | Should coordinate with physical, occupational, and speech therapists (hereinafter therapists) for patients with acute stroke to receive effective rehabilitation |
Q1-26 | Should know the details of the training/exercises for patients with acute stroke, guided by the therapist |
Q1-27 | Should recognize the maximum physical ability of patients with acute stroke during training/exercise guided by the therapists |
Q1-28 | Should communicate to therapists about changes in patients with acute stroke that affect their training/exercise |
Q1-29 | Should facilitate not only therapist-guided training/exercise but also provide training/exercise by nurses |
Q1-30 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to promote their recovery |
Q1-31 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke for better sleep and rest |
Q1-32 | Should provide nursing care to improve consciousness disorder in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-33 | Should recognize assistance needs and the levels of ADL in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-34 | Should detect dysfunction affecting ADL in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-35 | Should provide nursing care to help patients with acute stroke to regain their ADL |
Q1-36 | Should help patients with acute stroke to perform ADL by themselves |
Q1-37 | Should recognize the mental distress of patients with acute stroke |
Q1-38 | Should try to recognize the social distress in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-39 | Should recognize the mental distress in the family of patients with acute stroke |
Q1-40 | Should recognize the need for family support in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-41 | Should provide nursing care to reduce mental distress in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-42 | Should provide nursing care to help patients with acute stroke accept their disabilities |
Q1-43 | Should provide nursing care to help patients with acute stroke feel positive |
Q1-44 | Should provide nursing care for family-related mental distress in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-45 | Should provide nursing care for the need for family support in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-46 | Should recognize the medical history and lifestyle risk factors for the onset of stroke in patients with acute stroke |
Q1-47 | Should explain the risk of recurrence to patients with acute stroke |
Q1-48 | Should teach patients with acute stroke about lifestyle changes after hospital discharge to avoid the risk of recurrence |
Q1-49 | Should provide nursing care and guidance to patients with acute stroke (and their families if patient family support is needed in the post-discharge life) to avoid the risk of recurrence |
Q1-50 | Should share the prognosis of patients with acute stroke with other healthcare providers |
Q1-51 | Should provide nursing care to facilitate the transfer of patients with acute stroke to the hospital |
Q1-52 | Should provide nursing care to facilitate hospital discharge of patients with acute stroke |
Items on Actual Practice | |
Q2-1 | Recognize the severity of stroke |
Q2-2 | Recognize the treatment progress from the onset of stroke |
Q2-3 | Recognize the need for treatment in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-4 | Recognize the changes in intracranial hypertension due to stroke |
Q2-5 | Recognize the changes in consciousness disorder due to stroke |
Q2-6 | Recognize changes in the motor dysfunction due to stroke |
Q2-7 | Recognize the changes in sensory dysfunction due to stroke |
Q2-8 | Recognize the changes in swallowing dysfunction due to stroke |
Q2-9 | Recognize the changes in eye symptoms (pupil diameter, light reflex, and eye movement) due to stroke |
Q2-10 | Recognize the changes in higher brain dysfunction due to stroke |
Q2-11 | Recognize the changes in the general condition of patients with acute stroke |
Q2-12 | Recognize the exacerbation risk in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-13 | Report changes in the disease state of patients with acute stroke to physicians at the appropriate time |
Q2-14 | Provide nursing care to prevent exacerbation of intracranial hypertension in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-15 | Provide nursing care to prevent sudden changes in the circulatory dynamics of patients with acute stroke |
Q2-16 | Provide nursing care to prevent respiratory complications in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-17 | Ensure that patients with acute stroke receive appropriate treatment from physicians |
Q2-18 | Provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to avoid the risk of secondary complications due to restricted movement |
Q2-19 | Provide nursing care to ensure optimal nutrition and fluid intake in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-20 | Provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to avoid the risk of physical injury and to ensure safe medical treatment |
Q2-21 | Try to recognize the distress caused to patients with acute stroke as they are unable to communicate to others |
Q2-22 | Make attempts to reduce the pain due to physical changes caused by a stroke |
Q2-23 | Provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to minimize physical distress through treatment and care |
Q2-24 | Defend the human rights of patients with acute stroke who are unable to communicate |
Q2-25 | Coordinate with physical, occupational, and speech therapists (hereinafter” therapists”) for patients with acute stroke to receive effective rehabilitation |
Q2-26 | Know the details of training/exercises for patients with acute stroke guided by the therapist |
Q2-27 | Recognize the maximum physical ability of patients with acute stroke during training/exercise guided by the therapists |
Q2-28 | Communicate to therapists about changes in patients with acute stroke that affect their training/exercise |
Q2-29 | Facilitate not only therapist-guided training/exercise but also provide training/exercise by nurses |
Q2-30 | Provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to promote their recovery |
Q2-31 | Provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke for better sleep and rest |
Q2-32 | Provide nursing care to improve consciousness disorder in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-33 | Recognize assistance needs and the levels of ADL in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-34 | Detect dysfunctions affecting ADL in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-35 | Provide nursing care to help patients with acute stroke to regain their ADL |
Q2-36 | Help patients with acute stroke to perform ADL by themselves |
Q2-37 | Recognize the mental distress of patients with acute stroke |
Q2-38 | Try to recognize the social distress in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-39 | Recognize the mental distress in the family of patients with acute stroke |
Q2-40 | Recognize the need for family support in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-41 | Provide nursing care to reduce mental distress in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-42 | Provide nursing care to help patients with acute stroke accept their disabilities |
Q2-43 | Provide nursing care to help patients with acute stroke feel positive |
Q2-44 | Provide nursing care for family-related mental distress in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-45 | Provide nursing care for the need for family support in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-46 | Recognize the medical history and lifestyle risk factors for the onset of stroke in patients with acute stroke |
Q2-47 | Explain the risk of recurrence to patients with acute stroke |
Q2-48 | Teach patients with acute stroke about lifestyle changes after hospital discharge to avoid the risk of recurrence |
Q2-49 | Provide nursing care and guidance to patients with acute stroke (and their families if patient family support is needed in post-discharge life) to avoid the risk of recurrence |
Q2-50 | Share the prognosis of patients with acute stroke with other healthcare providers |
Q2-51 | Provide nursing care to facilitate the transfer of patients with acute stroke to the hospital |
Q2-52 | Provide nursing care to facilitate hospital discharge of patients with acute stroke |
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Characteristic | Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
20–29 | 312 | 44.2 |
30–39 | 179 | 25.4 |
40–49 | 157 | 22.2 |
≥50 | 58 | 8.2 |
Sex | ||
Female | 631 | 89.4 |
Male | 75 | 10.6 |
Years of experience as a nurse | ||
0–3 | 148 | 21.0 |
4–5 | 105 | 14.9 |
6–10 | 173 | 24.5 |
11–20 | 167 | 23.7 |
≥21 | 113 | 16.0 |
Years of experience taking care of patients with acute CVA | ||
0–3 | 333 | 47.2 |
4–5 | 28 | 4.0 |
6–10 | 124 | 17.6 |
11–20 | 145 | 20.5 |
≥21 | 76 | 10.8 |
Position | ||
Nurse manager | 67 | 9.5 |
Staff nurse | 639 | 90.5 |
Certification status as a nurse specialist | ||
Certified Nurse or Certified Nurse Specialist | 36 | 5.1 |
General nurse | 670 | 94.9 |
Number of hospital beds | ||
20–99 | 62 | 8.8 |
100–399 beds | 297 | 42.1 |
400–699 beds | 232 | 32.9 |
≥700 beds | 115 | 16.3 |
Number of beds in the SCU | ||
1–9 | 449 | 63.6 |
≥10 beds | 257 | 36.4 |
Number of patients with CVA admitted in 1 year within 3 days of onset | ||
99 patients and hereinafter | 47 | 6.7 |
100–199 | 177 | 25.1 |
200–299 | 168 | 23.8 |
300–499 | 205 | 29.0 |
≥500 patients | 109 | 15.4 |
Description of the Factors (The Overall Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient Is 0.95) | Factor Loading | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | ||
Factor 1: Reacquisition of ADL (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.87) | |||||||||
Q33 | Should recognize assistance needs and the levels of ADL in patients with acute stroke | 0.86 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
Q34 | Should detect dysfunction-affecting ADL in patients with acute stroke | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
Q35 | Should provide nursing care to help patients with acute stroke to regain their ADL | 0.69 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
Q31 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke for better sleep and rest | 0.55 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
Q32 | Should provide nursing care to improve consciousness disorder in patients with acute stroke | 0.54 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.01 |
Q30 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to promote their recovery | 0.52 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Q36 | Should help patients with acute stroke to perform ADL by themselves | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.19 |
Q46 | Should recognize the medical history and lifestyle risk factors for the onset of stroke in patients with acute stroke | 0.43 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.18 |
Factor 2: Reduction of mental and social distress in patients and their families (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.90) | |||||||||
Q44 | Should provide nursing care for family-related mental distress in patients with acute stroke | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
Q40 | Should recognize the need for family support in patients with acute stroke | 0.06 | 0.81 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
Q45 | Should provide nursing care for the need for family support in patients with acute stroke | 0.07 | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
Q39 | Should recognize the mental distress in the family of patients with acute stroke | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
Q38 | Should try to recognize the social distress in patients with acute stroke | 0.30 | 0.54 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Factor 3: Recognition of patients’ physical changes (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.78) | |||||||||
Q5 | Should recognize the changes in consciousness disorder due to stroke | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
Q13 | Should report changes in the disease state of patients with acute stroke to physicians at the appropriate time | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
Q6 | Should recognize changes in the motor dysfunction due to stroke | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
Q11 | Should recognize the changes in the general condition of patients with acute stroke | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.06 |
Q3 | Should recognize the need for treatment in patients with acute stroke | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Q4 | Should recognize the changes in intracranial hypertension due to stroke | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.46 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
Factor 4: Reduction of the risk of recurrence and providing discharge support (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.86) | |||||||||
Q48 | Should teach patients with acute stroke about lifestyle changes after hospital discharge to avoid the risk of recurrence | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
Q49 | Should provide nursing care and guidance to patients with acute stroke (and their families if patient family support is needed in post discharge life) to avoid the risk of recurrence | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Q47 | Should explain the risk of recurrence to patients with acute stroke | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.06 |
Q51 | Should provide nursing care to facilitate the transfer of patients with acute stroke to the hospital | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
Q52 | Should provide nursing care to facilitate hospital discharge of patients with acute stroke | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
Q50 | Should share the prognosis of patients with acute stroke with other healthcare providers | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
Factor 5: Collaboration with therapists (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.83) | |||||||||
Q27 | Should recognize the maximum physical ability of patients with acute stroke during training/exercise guided by the therapists | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.84 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
Q26 | Should know the details of training/exercises for patients with acute stroke guided by the therapists | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Q28 | Should communicate to therapists about changes in patients with acute stroke that affect their training/exercise | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.59 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
Q29 | Should facilitate not only therapist-guided training/exercise but also provide training/exercise by nurses | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
Factor 6: Reduction of patients’ physical distress (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.84) | |||||||||
Q22 | Should make attempts to reduce pain due to physical changes caused by a stroke | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.11 | 0.10 |
Q21 | Should try to recognize the distress caused to patients with acute stroke as they are unable to communicate to others | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.64 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Q23 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to minimize physical distress through treatment and care | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.12 |
Factor 7: Prevention of the worsening of acute stroke and related symptoms (Cronbach‘s alpha coefficient = 0.73) | |||||||||
Q15 | Should provide nursing care to prevent sudden changes in the circulatory dynamics of patients with acute stroke | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.82 | 0.01 |
Q14 | Should provide nursing care to prevent exacerbation of intracranial hypertension in patients with acute stroke | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.13 |
Q16 | Should provide nursing care to prevent respiratory complications in patients with acute stroke | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 0.23 |
Factor 8: Appropriate management of patients’ physical conditions (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.77) | |||||||||
Q18 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to avoid the risk of secondary complications due to restricted movement | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.70 |
Q19 | Should provide nursing care to ensure optimal nutrition and fluid intake in patients with acute stroke | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.64 |
Q20 | Should provide nursing care to patients with acute stroke to avoid the risk of physical injury and to ensure safe medical treatment | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.45 |
Q17 | Should ensure that patients with acute stroke receive appropriate treatment from physicians | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.41 |
Factor Correlation Matrix | |||||||||
F1 | 1.00 | ||||||||
F2 | 0.71 | 1.00 | |||||||
F3 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 1.00 | ||||||
F4 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.36 | 1.00 | |||||
F5 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.28 | 0.50 | 1.00 | ||||
F6 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 1.00 | |||
F7 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 1.00 | ||
F8 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 1.00 |
Awareness | Actual practice | t | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | M | SD | M | SD | ||
The mean value of the total score divided by the number of questions | 4.80 | 0.25 | 4.38 | 0.45 | 26.37 | *** |
F1: Reacquisition of ADL | 4.80 | 0.31 | 4.43 | 0.51 | 19.84 | *** |
F2: Reduction of mental and social distress in patients and their families | 4.69 | 0.45 | 4.00 | 0.75 | 25.88 | *** |
F3: Recognition of patients’ physical changes | 4.95 | 0.15 | 4.71 | 0.39 | 16.19 | *** |
F4: Reduction of the risk of recurrence and requirement of discharge support | 4.81 | 0.34 | 4.18 | 0.71 | 24.96 | *** |
F5: Collaboration with therapists | 4.57 | 0.48 | 4.13 | 0.66 | 18.27 | *** |
F6: Reduction of patients’ physical distress | 4.85 | 0.32 | 4.48 | 0.56 | 17.93 | *** |
F7: Prevention of the worsening of acute stroke and related symptoms | 4.90 | 0.26 | 4.58 | 0.53 | 15.91 | *** |
F8: Appropriate management of patients’ physical conditions | 4.86 | 0.27 | 4.61 | 0.47 | 14.24 | *** |
Certification status | a: Certified Nurse or Certified Nurse Specialist (n = 36) | b: General Nurse (n = 670) | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
Total | 4.54 | 0.43 | 4.37 | 0.45 | 0.39 | 0.70 |
F1: Reacquisition of ADL | 4.56 | 0.53 | 4.42 | 0.51 | 1.61 | 0.11 |
F2: Reduction of mental and social distress in patients and their families | 4.10 | 0.70 | 4.00 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.43 |
F3: Recognition of patients’ physical changes | 4.85 | 0.29 | 4.71 | 0.39 | 2.90 | ** |
F4: Reduction of the risk of recurrence and requirement of discharge support | 4.40 | 0.56 | 4.17 | 0.71 | 1.96 | 0.05 |
F5: Collaboration with therapists | 4.29 | 0.56 | 4.12 | 0.66 | 1.49 | 0.14 |
F6: Reduction of patients’ physical distress | 4.62 | 0.50 | 4.48 | 0.56 | 1.50 | 0.13 |
F7: Prevention of the worsening of acute stroke and related symptoms | 4.78 | 0.48 | 4.57 | 0.53 | 2.50 | 0.02 |
F8: Appropriate management of patients’ physical conditions | 4.77 | 0.39 | 4.60 | 0.47 | 2.52 | 0.02 |
Number of beds in the SCU | a: 1–9 (n = 449) | b: ≥10 beds (n = 257) | t | p | ||
Total | 4.41 | 0.44 | 4.33 | 0.47 | 2.37 | 0.02 |
F1: Reacquisition of ADL | 4.45 | 0.50 | 4.38 | 0.53 | 1.97 | 0.05 |
F2: Reduction of mental and social distress in patients and their families | 4.05 | 0.72 | 3.92 | 0.81 | 2.15 | 0.03 |
F3: Recognition of patients’ physical changes | 4.74 | 0.35 | 4.66 | 0.44 | 2.49 | 0.01 |
F4: Reduction of the risk of recurrence and requirement of discharge support | 4.21 | 0.69 | 4.13 | 0.74 | 1.50 | 0.13 |
F5: Collaboration with therapists | 4.18 | 0.61 | 4.04 | 0.73 | 2.75 | ** |
F6: Reduction of patients’ physical distress | 4.50 | 0.55 | 4.46 | 0.57 | 0.91 | 0.36 |
F7: Prevention of the worsening of acute stroke and related symptoms | 4.59 | 0.50 | 4.56 | 0.58 | 0.85 | 0.40 |
F8: Appropriate management of patients’ physical conditions | 4.63 | 0.44 | 4.58 | 0.50 | 1.33 | 0.18 |
Number of Hospital Beds | a: 20–99 (n = 62) | b: 100–399 (n = 297) | c: 400–699 (n = 232) | d: ≥700 Beds (n = 115) | F | p | Multiple Comparisons | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||||
Total | 4.18 | 0.55 | 4.34 | 0.45 | 4.45 | 0.43 | 4.48 | 0.35 | 9.00 | *** | a < c **, a < d **, b < d ** | ||
F1: Reacquisition of ADL | 4.19 | 0.65 | 4.38 | 0.52 | 4.49 | 0.47 | 4.53 | 0.42 | 8.08 | *** | a < c **, a < d ** | ||
F2: Reduction of mental and social distress in patients and their families | 3.77 | 0.92 | 3.93 | 0.78 | 4.12 | 0.70 | 4.07 | 0.67 | 5.16 | ** | |||
F3: Recognition of patients’ physical changes | 4.61 | 0.56 | 4.69 | 0.39 | 4.74 | 0.38 | 4.79 | 0.29 | 3.69 | 0.01 | |||
F4: Reduction of the risk of recurrence and requirement of discharge support | 3.91 | 0.84 | 4.08 | 0.73 | 4.28 | 0.65 | 4.35 | 0.60 | 9.20 | *** | b < d ***, a < c **, a < d **, b < c ** | ||
F5: Collaboration with therapists | 3.84 | 0.70 | 4.10 | 0.67 | 4.20 | 0.63 | 4.23 | 0.60 | 6.17 | *** | a < c **, a < d ** | ||
F6: Reduction of patients’ physical distress | 4.35 | 0.67 | 4.46 | 0.57 | 4.53 | 0.52 | 4.52 | 0.53 | 1.85 | 0.14 | |||
F7: Prevention of the worsening of acute stroke and related symptoms | 4.43 | 0.63 | 4.55 | 0.56 | 4.61 | 0.49 | 4.68 | 0.45 | 3.57 | 0.01 | |||
F8: Appropriate management of patients’ physical conditions | 4.46 | 0.54 | 4.58 | 0.49 | 4.64 | 0.44 | 4.70 | 0.40 | 4.48 | ** | |||
Years of experience in taking care of patients with acute stroke | a: 0–3 (n = 333) | b: 4–5 (n = 28) | c: 6–10 (n = 124) | d: 11–20 (n = 145) | e: ≥21 years (n = 76) | F | p | Multiple Comparisons | |||||
Total | 4.35 | 0.45 | 4.41 | 0.45 | 4.43 | 0.41 | 4.42 | 0.46 | 4.35 | 0.56 | 1.08 | 0.36 | |
F1: Reacquisition of ADL | 4.40 | 0.52 | 4.45 | 0.47 | 4.46 | 0.46 | 4.42 | 0.57 | 4.41 | 0.66 | 0.40 | 0.81 | |
F2: Reduction of mental and social distress in patients and their families | 4.00 | 0.75 | 4.05 | 0.77 | 4.02 | 0.77 | 3.95 | 0.74 | 3.88 | 0.76 | 0.43 | 0.78 | |
F3: Recognition of patients’ physical changes | 4.66 | 0.43 | 4.71 | 0.36 | 4.78 | 0.32 | 4.83 | 0.30 | 4.74 | 0.46 | 4.64 | ** | a < d ***, a < c ** |
F4: Reduction of the risk of recurrence and requirement of discharge support | 4.13 | 0.74 | 4.20 | 0.72 | 4.24 | 0.62 | 4.23 | 0.68 | 4.20 | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.51 | |
F5: Collaboration with therapists | 4.12 | 0.64 | 4.19 | 0.65 | 4.19 | 0.62 | 4.06 | 0.76 | 3.96 | 0.85 | 1.23 | 0.30 | |
F6: Reduction of patients’ physical distress | 4.47 | 0.55 | 4.48 | 0.59 | 4.49 | 0.53 | 4.54 | 0.54 | 4.45 | 0.72 | 0.21 | 0.93 | |
F7: Prevention of the worsening of acute stroke and related symptoms | 4.50 | 0.56 | 4.61 | 0.48 | 4.65 | 0.52 | 4.74 | 0.43 | 4.58 | 0.66 | 4.17 | ** | a < d *** |
F8: Appropriate management of patients’ physical conditions | 4.57 | 0.49 | 4.65 | 0.45 | 4.62 | 0.45 | 4.72 | 0.39 | 4.60 | 0.53 | 2.10 | 0.08 |
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Hisaka, Y.; Ito, H.; Yasuhara, Y.; Takase, K.; Tanioka, T.; Locsin, R. Nurses’ Awareness and Actual Nursing Practice Situation of Stroke Care in Acute Stroke Units: A Japanese Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312800
Hisaka Y, Ito H, Yasuhara Y, Takase K, Tanioka T, Locsin R. Nurses’ Awareness and Actual Nursing Practice Situation of Stroke Care in Acute Stroke Units: A Japanese Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312800
Chicago/Turabian StyleHisaka, Yukari, Hirokazu Ito, Yuko Yasuhara, Kensaku Takase, Tetsuya Tanioka, and Rozzano Locsin. 2021. "Nurses’ Awareness and Actual Nursing Practice Situation of Stroke Care in Acute Stroke Units: A Japanese Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312800