Associations between State-Level Obesity Rates, Engagement with Food Brands on Social Media, and Hashtag Usage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Hashtag Coding
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Followers of Brands and Obesity Rate by State
3.2. Followers of Brands and Their Hashtag Usage
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Obesity Rates | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-Calorie Drink Brands (n = 4) | Sugary Drink Brands (n = 9) | Fast-Food Brands (n = 10) | Any | Low-Calorie Drink Brands (n = 4) | Sugary Drink Brands (n = 7) | Fast-Food Brands (n = 6) | Any | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | % | % | |
Mississippi | 298 | 0.95 | 6585 | 0.64 | 10,228 | 0.88 | 0.41 | 1260 | 0.97 | 2890 | 0.77 | 13,324 | 0.97 | 0.41 | 39.5 |
West Virginia | 138 | 0.48 | 4694 | 0.41 | 7449 | 0.51 | 0.18 | 841 | 0.70 | 2978 | 0.67 | 9257 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 39.5 |
Arkansas | 322 | 0.77 | 7977 | 0.78 | 13,386 | 1.02 | 0.44 | 1073 | 0.73 | 3079 | 0.76 | 12,304 | 0.97 | 0.40 | 37.1 |
Louisiana | 539 | 1.30 | 11,163 | 1.28 | 18,037 | 1.43 | 0.88 | 1296 | 1.70 | 4406 | 1.13 | 17,158 | 1.28 | 0.68 | 36.8 |
Kentucky | 412 | 1.40 | 11,748 | 1.16 | 18,687 | 1.41 | 0.59 | 1725 | 1.58 | 6199 | 1.46 | 21,934 | 1.72 | 0.58 | 36.6 |
Alabama | 628 | 2.05 | 15,414 | 1.66 | 27,007 | 2.00 | 1.20 | 2907 | 2.30 | 7022 | 1.70 | 25,579 | 2.00 | 1.37 | 36.2 |
Iowa | 207 | 0.68 | 8291 | 0.72 | 13,247 | 0.69 | 0.37 | 997 | 0.83 | 4993 | 1.04 | 13,337 | 1.03 | 0.35 | 35.3 |
North Dakota | 85 | 0.17 | 1718 | 0.14 | 2575 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 213 | 0.28 | 994 | 0.21 | 2192 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 35.1 |
Missouri | 554 | 1.63 | 18,582 | 1.80 | 32,173 | 2.18 | 1.30 | 2234 | 2.28 | 9445 | 2.17 | 29,021 | 2.38 | 1.33 | 35.0 |
Oklahoma | 298 | 0.80 | 11,763 | 1.13 | 18,191 | 1.14 | 0.67 | 979 | 0.98 | 4980 | 1.10 | 15,054 | 1.22 | 0.59 | 34.8 |
Texas | 2464 | 7.50 | 94,086 | 9.23 | 145,352 | 9.34 | 7.40 | 7502 | 7.65 | 34,994 | 7.96 | 124,858 | 10.15 | 6.52 | 34.8 |
Kansas | 180 | 0.65 | 7542 | 0.69 | 11,758 | 0.72 | 0.37 | 824 | 0.73 | 4072 | 0.87 | 10,973 | 0.87 | 0.40 | 34.4 |
Tennessee | 769 | 2.15 | 22,320 | 2.09 | 38,069 | 2.48 | 1.35 | 2861 | 2.75 | 9445 | 2.30 | 36,334 | 2.87 | 1.35 | 34.4 |
South Carolina | 589 | 1.78 | 15,936 | 1.54 | 24,847 | 1.70 | 1.04 | 1795 | 1.55 | 6856 | 1.61 | 22,814 | 1.78 | 0.95 | 34.3 |
Indiana | 613 | 1.45 | 18,593 | 1.70 | 33,068 | 2.13 | 1.26 | 2727 | 2.28 | 10,097 | 2.34 | 30,941 | 2.50 | 1.37 | 34.1 |
Nebraska | 205 | 0.47 | 5808 | 0.48 | 6503 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 638 | 1.18 | 3095 | 0.64 | 7791 | 0.62 | 0.34 | 34.1 |
Ohio | 1192 | 3.38 | 40,711 | 3.88 | 64,599 | 4.46 | 2.57 | 4838 | 4.50 | 21,615 | 4.89 | 66,161 | 5.17 | 2.55 | 34.0 |
DC | 444 | 1.25 | 7298 | 0.83 | 13,143 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 1023 | 1.13 | 2942 | 0.74 | 9956 | 0.83 | 1.07 | 33.5 |
Michigan | 863 | 2.50 | 29,865 | 2.68 | 40,186 | 2.67 | 1.95 | 3226 | 2.80 | 15,104 | 3.37 | 41,043 | 3.17 | 2.09 | 33.0 |
North Carolina | 863 | 2.68 | 28,501 | 2.72 | 41,768 | 2.78 | 1.79 | 3135 | 2.83 | 12,268 | 2.93 | 39,496 | 3.18 | 1.66 | 33.0 |
Georgia | 2033 | 8.80 | 36,895 | 4.11 | 64,622 | 4.51 | 2.63 | 4617 | 5.03 | 14,229 | 3.59 | 53,018 | 4.33 | 2.60 | 32.5 |
New Mexico | 112 | 0.27 | 4299 | 0.33 | 4715 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 252 | 0.38 | 1763 | 0.39 | 4138 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 32.3 |
Wisconsin | 450 | 1.40 | 17,309 | 1.70 | 25,047 | 1.54 | 0.83 | 1920 | 1.53 | 8440 | 1.86 | 18,824 | 1.57 | 0.94 | 32.0 |
Illinois | 1318 | 3.90 | 37,753 | 3.63 | 62,506 | 3.97 | 3.17 | 4395 | 4.18 | 19,107 | 4.59 | 52,640 | 4.20 | 3.32 | 31.8 |
Maryland | 419 | 1.18 | 13,757 | 1.33 | 21,491 | 1.51 | 1.12 | 1377 | 1.20 | 5861 | 1.43 | 18,954 | 1.55 | 1.04 | 30.9 |
Pennsylvania | 1305 | 3.55 | 41,349 | 3.84 | 62,667 | 4.34 | 3.11 | 4141 | 4.33 | 19,969 | 4.60 | 56,490 | 4.58 | 2.80 | 30.9 |
Florida | 1968 | 6.58 | 73,767 | 6.40 | 107,993 | 6.89 | 6.74 | 6091 | 5.58 | 24,176 | 5.56 | 74,199 | 6.00 | 5.72 | 30.7 |
Maine | 59 | 0.20 | 3193 | 0.28 | 4618 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 543 | 0.40 | 1853 | 0.39 | 4034 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 30.4 |
Virginia | 670 | 1.78 | 22,200 | 2.20 | 37,890 | 2.38 | 2.04 | 2151 | 2.58 | 9834 | 2.23 | 31,300 | 2.48 | 1.87 | 30.4 |
Minnesota | 534 | 1.48 | 19,059 | 1.41 | 21,664 | 1.29 | 0.88 | 1765 | 1.88 | 8706 | 1.74 | 19,481 | 1.72 | 0.95 | 30.1 |
South Dakota | 69 | 0.17 | 1968 | 0.14 | 2804 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 351 | 0.27 | 1088 | 0.23 | 2310 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 30.1 |
Oregon | 227 | 0.70 | 14,009 | 1.01 | 14,626 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 1194 | 0.83 | 4280 | 0.97 | 9399 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 29.9 |
New Hampshire | 87 | 0.20 | 3313 | 0.27 | 2838 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 446 | 0.33 | 1415 | 0.27 | 3188 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 29.6 |
Alaska | 42 | 0.10 | 2257 | 0.14 | 1493 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 188 | 0.17 | 763 | 0.16 | 1485 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 29.5 |
Arizona | 501 | 1.38 | 23,629 | 1.87 | 25,303 | 1.48 | 1.44 | 1870 | 1.50 | 7928 | 1.66 | 18,401 | 1.53 | 1.33 | 29.5 |
Nevada | 279 | 0.83 | 13,736 | 1.06 | 14,534 | 0.92 | 1.05 | 1175 | 0.87 | 5859 | 1.16 | 11,583 | 0.93 | 1.09 | 29.5 |
Wyoming | 14 | 0.10 | 1015 | 0.09 | 1239 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 78 | 0.23 | 722 | 0.14 | 1005 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 29.0 |
Washington | 386 | 1.13 | 24,409 | 1.79 | 34,609 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1801 | 1.33 | 7317 | 1.54 | 17,475 | 1.45 | 1.40 | 28.7 |
Idaho | 71 | 0.23 | 4015 | 0.24 | 3095 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 353 | 0.30 | 1541 | 0.30 | 2963 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 28.4 |
Utah | 747 | 1.57 | 19,438 | 1.20 | 9033 | 0.66 | 0.80 | 1002 | 0.80 | 4713 | 0.89 | 8375 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 27.8 |
Rhode Island | 131 | 0.38 | 3880 | 0.34 | 5801 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 526 | 0.43 | 1572 | 0.37 | 4578 | 0.35 | 0.19 | 27.7 |
New York State | 3441 | 11.08 | 71,614 | 7.01 | 102,088 | 6.61 | 8.00 | 7821 | 9.05 | 30,662 | 7.27 | 78,280 | 6.13 | 8.53 | 27.6 |
Vermont | 41 | 0.15 | 1910 | 0.14 | 1355 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 122 | 0.07 | 924 | 0.14 | 1056 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 27.5 |
Connecticut | 330 | 0.83 | 14,120 | 1.21 | 19,412 | 1.26 | 0.96 | 1105 | 1.08 | 4291 | 1.04 | 11,328 | 0.93 | 0.71 | 27.4 |
Montana | 54 | 0.20 | 4381 | 0.28 | 2727 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 227 | 0.17 | 1484 | 0.29 | 2413 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 26.9 |
California | 4171 | 12.83 | 202,417 | 15.73 | 235,967 | 13.09 | 18.49 | 11,169 | 12.48 | 59,213 | 12.04 | 122,183 | 9.85 | 17.50 | 25.8 |
Massachusetts | 736 | 2.20 | 22,101 | 1.81 | 29,916 | 1.85 | 2.00 | 2253 | 2.38 | 10,186 | 2.19 | 23,520 | 1.82 | 1.79 | 25.7 |
New Jersey | 770 | 2.35 | 27,580 | 2.43 | 36,144 | 2.47 | 2.23 | 2129 | 2.23 | 8954 | 2.14 | 24,926 | 1.90 | 1.72 | 25.7 |
Hawaii | 103 | 0.33 | 5265 | 0.39 | 6051 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 312 | 0.23 | 1405 | 0.26 | 3034 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 24.9 |
Delaware | 75 | 0.17 | 2476 | 0.22 | 3088 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 257 | 0.20 | 873 | 0.20 | 2744 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 24.7 |
Colorado | 363 | 1.18 | 29,740 | 1.79 | 23,108 | 1.30 | 1.32 | 1093 | 1.25 | 9067 | 1.69 | 16,405 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 23.0 |
Total Followers | Followers Who Used a Healthy Hashtag (n = 79) | Followers Who Used an Unhealthy Hashtag (n = 51) | Total Followers | Followers Who Used a Healthy Hashtag (n = 57) | Followers Who Used an Unhealthy Hashtag (n = 11) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | % | n | % | n | n | % | n | % | |
Low-Calorie Drink Brands | ||||||||||
Coca Cola Life | 6049 | 58 | 0.96 | 70 | 1.16 | - | - | - | - | - |
Coke Zero | 98,742 | 457 | 0.46 | 507 | 0.51 | 253,914 | 404 | 0.16 | 149 | 0.07 |
Dasani Water | - | - | - | - | - | 14,327 | 125 | 0.87 | 11 | 0.07 |
Diet Coke | 79,181 | 658 | 0.84 | 808 | 1.03 | 305,944 | 428 | 0.15 | 197 | 0.05 |
Smart Water | 48,841 | 672 | 1.37 | 531 | 1.10 | 5493 | 30 | 0.56 | 7 | 0.13 |
Subtotal | 232,813 | 1845 | - | 1916 | - | 579,678 | 988 | - | 364 | - |
Sugary Drink Brands | ||||||||||
Coca Cola | 2,592,532 | 19,340 | 0.74 | 22,667 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - | - |
Dr. Pepper | 536,521 | 2816 | 0.52 | 3473 | 0.65 | - | - | - | - | - |
Fanta | 517,501 | 1746 | 0.34 | 2074 | 0.40 | 157,722 | 178 | 0.11 | 101 | 0.06 |
Gatorade | 1,167,065 | 8716 | 0.75 | 4872 | 0.41 | 331,396 | 772 | 0.23 | 250 | 0.07 |
Monster Energy | 5,027,096 | 55,012 | 1.09 | 41,896 | 0.83 | 3,198,430 | 4168 | 0.13 | 2337 | 0.07 |
Mountain Dew | 425,378 | 2948 | 0.69 | 2618 | 0.62 | 564,512 | 805 | 0.15 | 466 | 0.06 |
Pepsi | 1,438,122 | 7758 | 0.54 | 8788 | 0.61 | - | - | - | - | - |
Red Bull | 10,293,957 | 138,618 | 1.35 | 103,051 | 1.01 | 2,101,969 | 3326 | 0.16 | 1485 | 0.05 |
Sprite | 869,636 | 3436 | 0.40 | 3613 | 0.41 | 284,233 | 376 | 0.13 | 224 | 0.08 |
Vitamin Water | - | - | - | - | - | 161,000 | 331 | 0.21 | 159 | 0.10 |
Subtotal | 2,2867,808 | 240,389 | - | 193,052 | - | 6,799,262 | 9955 | - | 5022 | - |
Fast-Food Brands | ||||||||||
Burger King | 1,623,786 | 10,981 | 0.68 | 15,235 | 0.94 | 1,713,262 | 2062 | 0.12 | 1422 | 0.07 |
Chick-fil-A | 1,256,639 | 10,272 | 0.82 | 10,829 | 0.86 | 958,494 | 1362 | 0.14 | 706 | 0.08 |
Dairy Queen | 473,337 | 2857 | 0.61 | 3664 | 0.78 | 477,430 | 788 | 0.16 | 347 | 0.07 |
Denny’s Diner | - | - | - | - | - | 520,034 | 629 | 0.11 | 396 | 0.08 |
KFC | 1,357,038 | 7206 | 0.53 | 9632 | 0.71 | - | - | - | - | - |
McDonald’s | 3,342,259 | 20,098 | 0.61 | 26,514 | 0.79 | - | - | - | - | - |
Pizza Hut | 1,527,842 | 9894 | 0.65 | 13,577 | 0.89 | - | - | - | - | - |
Starbucks | 17,425,064 | 198,844 | 1.14 | 229,017 | 1.32 | - | - | - | - | - |
Subway | 1,030,818 | 5022 | 0.48 | 5992 | 0.58 | 2,361,855 | 3129 | 0.14 | 1838 | 0.08 |
Taco Bell | 1,274,017 | 9241 | 0.73 | 11,234 | 0.88 | - | - | - | - | - |
Wendy’s | 834,654 | 4424 | 0.53 | 5800 | 0.70 | 3,000,678 | 3530 | 0.12 | 2273 | 0.07 |
Subtotal | 30,145,454 | 278,839 | - | 331,493 | - | 9,031,753 | 11,500 | - | 6982 | - |
Any | - | - | 0.58 | - | 0.55 | - | - | 0.09 | - | 0.04 |
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Gu, Y.; Coffino, J.; Boswell, R.; Hall, Z.; Bragg, M.A. Associations between State-Level Obesity Rates, Engagement with Food Brands on Social Media, and Hashtag Usage. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312785
Gu Y, Coffino J, Boswell R, Hall Z, Bragg MA. Associations between State-Level Obesity Rates, Engagement with Food Brands on Social Media, and Hashtag Usage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312785
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Yuanqi, Jaime Coffino, Rebecca Boswell, Zora Hall, and Marie A. Bragg. 2021. "Associations between State-Level Obesity Rates, Engagement with Food Brands on Social Media, and Hashtag Usage" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312785