Family Support as Smoking Prevention during Transition from Early to Late Adolescence: A Study in 42 Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Data Collection
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Current Cigarette Smoking
3.2. Family Support
3.3. Association between Family Support and Smoking
3.4. Association between Family Support and Smoking Prevalence, by Aggregated Data of 42 Countries
3.5. Association between Family Support and Smoking Transitions in Adolescence
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Implications of the Study
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Proportion (%) of Adolescents Who Reported Current Cigarette Smoking 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||
Proportion | SD | Proportion | SD | |
11 years | 1.84 | 1.45 | 1.09 | 1.42 |
13 years | 5.00 | 2.37 | 4.59 | 2.63 |
15 years | 15.88 | 5.12 | 15.15 | 7.82 |
Increase in the smoking prevalence from 11 to 15 years of age | 14.04 | 4.47 | 14.06 | 7.32 |
Age | Proportion (%) of Adolescents Who Reported High Level of Family Support 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||
Proportion | SD | Proportion | SD | |
11 years | 78.90 | 10.03 | 78.77 | 10.72 |
13 years | 72.36 | 11.45 | 69.09 | 11.77 |
15 years | 65.76 | 12.80 | 62.72 | 11.72 |
11–15years | 72.41 | 10.92 | 70.19 | 10.83 |
Characteristics of the Family | Proportion (%) of Adolescents Who Reported High Level of Family Support 1 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | ||
Family affluence | Low | 65.6 | 63.1 |
Medium | 71.6 | 68.8 | |
High | 74.2 | 72.4 | |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Family structure | Intact family | 73.5 | 71.7 |
Not intact family | 62.5 | 58.1 | |
p | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Age | Estimates of Prevalence Ratio 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||||
PR | (95% CI) | p | PR | (95% CI) | p | |
11 years | 2.93 | (2.43–3.54) | <0.001 | 4.00 | (3.17–5.02) | <0.001 |
13 years | 2.39 | (2.14–2.66) | <0.001 | 3.16 | (2.82–3.54) | <0.001 |
15 years | 1.57 | (1.47–1.67) | <0.001 | 1.89 | (1.77–2.01) | <0.001 |
11–15 years | 1.81 | (1.71–1.91) | <0.001 | 2.19 | (2.08–2.31) | <0.001 |
Age | Pearson Coefficients of Correlation 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||
r | p | r | p | |
11 years | –0.447 | 0.003 | –0.462 | 0.002 |
13 years | –0.251 | 0.109 | –0.397 | 0.009 |
15 years | 0.140 | 0.377 | –0.186 | 0.237 |
11–15 years | –0.036 | 0.820 | –0.245 | 0.118 |
Age | Pearson Coefficient of Correlation 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | |||
r | p | r | p | |
11 years | –0.072 | 0.686 | –0.221 | 0.230 |
13 years | –0.335 | 0.030 | –0.310 | 0.046 |
15 years | –0.440 | 0.004 | –0.539 | <0.001 |
11–15 years | –0.474 | 0.002 | –0.515 | <0.001 |
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Zaborskis, A.; Kavaliauskienė, A.; Eriksson, C.; Klemera, E.; Dimitrova, E.; Melkumova, M.; Husarova, D. Family Support as Smoking Prevention during Transition from Early to Late Adolescence: A Study in 42 Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312739
Zaborskis A, Kavaliauskienė A, Eriksson C, Klemera E, Dimitrova E, Melkumova M, Husarova D. Family Support as Smoking Prevention during Transition from Early to Late Adolescence: A Study in 42 Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312739
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaborskis, Apolinaras, Aistė Kavaliauskienė, Charli Eriksson, Ellen Klemera, Elitsa Dimitrova, Marina Melkumova, and Daniela Husarova. 2021. "Family Support as Smoking Prevention during Transition from Early to Late Adolescence: A Study in 42 Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312739
APA StyleZaborskis, A., Kavaliauskienė, A., Eriksson, C., Klemera, E., Dimitrova, E., Melkumova, M., & Husarova, D. (2021). Family Support as Smoking Prevention during Transition from Early to Late Adolescence: A Study in 42 Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312739