Dyslipidemia, Obesity, and Ethnicity in Mexican Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Anthropometric and Lipid Measurements
2.2. Classification of Obesity by BMI and BFP
2.3. Classification of Lipid Disorders
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Study and Lipid Disorder Prevalence
3.2. The Ability of BMI and BFP to Discriminate Lipid Disorders
3.3. Obesity’s Association with Lipid Disorders
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boys, n = 572 | Girls, n = 405 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All, n = 977 | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | p |
Age | 9.0 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 3.0 | 0.29 |
BMI | 17.6 | 6.7 | 17.0 | 4.6 | 0.01 |
BMIz | −0.3 | 1.4 | −0.2 | 1.1 | 0.60 |
TG | 87.0 | 61.9 | 85.5 | 51.0 | 0.91 |
TC | 157.8 | 44.5 | 155.0 | 38.0 | 0.10 |
HDL | 56.5 | 15.4 | 55.1 | 17.3 | 0.27 |
LDL | 83.5 | 30.6 | 81.1 | 26.0 | 0.20 |
ApoA1 | 153.0 | 52.0 | 153.0 | 58.0 | 0.23 |
ApoB | 86.0 | 34.6 | 87.5 | 27.8 | 0.38 |
CM-Mexico City, n = 325 | |||||
Age | 9.0 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 0.42 |
BMI | 20.4 | 8.3 | 18.5 | 5.4 | 0.02 |
BMIz | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.75 |
TG | 102.0 | 75.0 | 102.0 | 52.5 | 0.71 |
TC | 173.0 | 46.0 | 169.5 | 35.5 | 0.05 |
HDL | 56.1 | 16.1 | 57.2 | 20.2 | 0.91 |
LDL | 92.8 | 37.9 | 89.6 | 28.1 | 0.09 |
ApoA1 | 152.0 | 42.0 | 142.0 | 34.3 | 0.01 |
ApoB | 82.0 | 29.0 | 82.0 | 25.5 | 0.94 |
CM-Puebla, n = 302 | |||||
Age | 9.0 | 3.0 | 9.0 | 3.0 | 0.52 |
BMI | 16.6 | 3.4 | 16.7 | 3.5 | 0.86 |
BMIz | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.02 |
TG | 77.1 | 47.7 | 81.8 | 46.5 | 0.19 |
TC | 145.3 | 31.4 | 141.5 | 32.5 | 0.82 |
HDL | 54.8 | 15.4 | 49.7 | 14.3 | 0.01 |
LDL | 79.8 | 19.2 | 79.5 | 27.0 | 0.21 |
NM-Urban, n = 148 | |||||
Age | 8.0 | 3.0 | 9.0 | 3.0 | 0.47 |
BMI | 18.3 | 6.1 | 17.9 | 6.6 | 0.48 |
BMIz | 01.0 | 1.3 | 01.0 | 1.4 | 0.47 |
TG | 89.0 | 59.5 | 89.5 | 71.0 | 0.80 |
TC | 167.0 | 48.0 | 170.5 | 37.0 | 0.61 |
HDL | 63.6 | 16.6 | 67.4 | 16.3 | 0.38 |
LDL | 84.0 | 33.3 | 85.4 | 25.1 | 0.97 |
ApoA1 | 194.0 | 31.5 | 191.0 | 44.3 | 0.59 |
ApoB | 100.3 | 21.9 | 94.0 | 21.8 | 0.15 |
NM-Yaquis, n = 135 | |||||
Age | 9.0 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 0.57 |
BMI | 16.2 | 4.1 | 16.2 | 4.0 | 0.86 |
BMIz | −0.6 | 0.9 | −0.4 | 0.9 | 0.50 |
TG | 79.0 | 51.5 | 88.0 | 38.0 | 0.13 |
TC | 145.5 | 32.0 | 151.0 | 28.0 | 0.16 |
HDL | 55.7 | 11.9 | 52.7 | 11.1 | 0.24 |
LDL | 72.4 | 17.5 | 77.1 | 18.1 | 0.06 |
ApoA1 | 139.5 | 29.3 | 135.0 | 22.0 | 0.14 |
ApoB | 68.5 | 21.4 | 74.0 | 14.0 | 0.07 |
NM-Seris, n = 67 | |||||
Age | 9.5 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 2.3 | 0.72 |
BMI | 17.6 | 4.0 | 17.3 | 4.0 | 0.89 |
BMIz | −0.5 | 0.8 | −0.4 | 1.0 | 0.75 |
TG | 77.0 | 44.0 | 73.0 | 21.8 | 0.71 |
TC | 152.0 | 36.3 | 148.0 | 29.3 | 0.56 |
HDL | 54.5 | 6.3 | 54.4 | 9.0 | 0.81 |
LDL | 68.3 | 21.7 | 72.3 | 15.6 | 0.32 |
ApoA1 | 145.0 | 19.0 | 139.0 | 28.3 | 0.35 |
ApoB | 65.0 | 24.6 | 67.5 | 14.8 | 0.40 |
Prevalence | All n = 977 | CM-Mexico City n = 325 | CM-Puebla n = 302 | NM-Urban n = 148 | NM-Yaquis n = 135 | NM-Seris n = 67 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OB % | 17 | 28.6 | 6.3 | 23.6 | 8.14 | 20.4 |
High TG, n (%) | 496 (50.7) | 198 (60.9) | 138 (45.7) | 86 (58.1) | 51 (37.8) | 23 (34.3) |
% High TG with OB | 23.0 | 34.8 | 10.9 | 24.4 | 17.4 | 21.7 |
High TC, n (%) | 339 (34.7) | 176 (54.2) | 45 (14.9) | 76 (51.4) | 26 (19.3) | 16 (23.9) |
% High TC with OB | 23.6 | 30.1 | 8.9 | 18.4 | 23.1 | 18.8 |
Low HDL, n (%) | 166 (17.0) | 58 (17.8) | 83 (27.5) | 5 (3.4) | 15 (11.1) | 5 (7.5) |
% Low HDL with OB | 28.3 | 56.9 | 13.3 | 0.0 | 0 | 60.0 |
High LDL n (%) | 132 (13.5) | 84 (25.4) | 22 (7.3) | 20 (13.5) | 4 (3.0) | 2 (3.0) |
% High LDL with OB | 28.0 | 33.3 | 18.2 | 25.0 | 0 | 0 |
Low ApoA1, n (%) | 58 (8.6) | 27 (8.3) | na | 2 (1.4) | 24 (17.8) | 5 (7.4) |
% Low ApoA1 with OB | 20.7 | 33.3 | na | 0.0 | 4.1 | 40.0 |
High ApoB, n (%) | 242 (35.8) | 118 (36.3) | na | 93 (62.8) | 22 (16.3) | 9 (13.4) |
% High ApoB with OB | 31.0 | 37.3 | na | 24.7 | 27.3 | 22.2 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 644 (66.0) | 255 (75.5) | 175 (58.0) | 113 (76.4) | 70 (52.0) | 31 (46.3) |
% Dyslipidemia with OB | 21.7 | 32.2 | 10.3 | 22.1 | 12.9 | 19.4 |
AUC (95%CI), p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | CM-Mexico City | CM-Puebla | NM-Urban | NM-Yaquis | NM-Seris | |
High TG | 0.68 (0.65–0.71), <0.001 | 0.68 (0.62–0.74), <0.001 | 0.67 (0.60–0.73), <0.001 | 0.55 (0.45–0.64), 0.322 | 0.66 (0.56–0.76), 0.002 | 0.82 (0.73–0.93), <0.001 |
High TC | 0.60 (0.56–0.66), <0.001 | 0.54 (0.48–0.61), 0.183 | 0.57 (0.47–0.66), 0.144 | 0.47 (0.37–0.56), 0.464 | 0.53 (0.39–0.67), 0.652 | 0.62 (0.46–0.79), 0.146 |
Low HDL | 0.64 (0.59–0.69), <0.001 | 0.75 (0.69–0.82), <0.001 | 0.66 (0.60–0.73), <0.001 | 0.46 (0.28–0.65), 0.700 | 0.50 (0.26–0.60), 0.411 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00), <0.001 |
High LDL | 0.61 (0.56–0.69), <0.001 | 0.59 (0.52–0.66), 0.010 | 0.80 (0.69–0.85), <0.001 | 0.50 (0.37–0.64), 0.964 | 0.50 (0.16–0.64), 0.412 | 0.67 (0.30–1.00), 0.352 |
Low ApoA1 | 0.50 (0.40–0.56), 0.562 | 0.56 (0.42–0.67), 0.233 | na | 0.53 (0.32–0.73), 0.782 | 0.50 (0.33–0.58), 0.585 | 0.74 (0.47–1.00), 0.081 |
High ApoB | 0.64 (0.60–0.68), <0.001 | 0.60 (0.53–0.62), 0.003 | na | 0.60 (0.50–0.69), 0.063 | 0.68 (0.54–0.81), 0.012 | 0.77 (0.61–0.94), 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.68 (0.64–0.71), <0.001 | 0.68 (0.61–0.76), <0.001 | 0.64 (0.58–0.70), <0.001 | 0.53 (0.41–0.65), 0.141 | 0.57 (0.48–0.67), 0.146 | 0.76 (0.64–0.87), <0.001 |
High TG | Estimate | SE | Z | OR (CI 95%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −0.95 | 0.32 | −2.99 | 0.39 (0.21, 0.72) | 0.003 |
Age | 0.13 | 0.03 | 3.93 | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | ˂0.001 |
OB | 0.9 | 0.19 | 4.61 | 2.45 (1.68, 3.62) | ˂0.001 |
NM-Urban | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 1.01 (0.67, 1.52) | 0.960 |
CM-Puebla | −0.39 | 0.17 | −2.33 | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) | 0.020 |
NM-Seris | −1.04 | 0.29 | −3.6 | 0.36 (0.20, 0.62) | ˂0.001 |
NM-Yaquis | −0.76 | 0.22 | −3.48 | 0.47 (0.32, 0.72) | ˂0.001 |
High TC | |||||
Intercept | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.92 | 1.13 (0.87, 1.46) | 0.360 |
OB | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.65 | 1.17 (0.72, 1.91) | 0.520 |
NM | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 1.08 (0.69, 1.70) | 0.750 |
CM-Puebla | −1.90 | 0.21 | −8.86 | 0.15 (0.10, 0.23) | <0.001 |
NM-Seris | −1.41 | 0.34 | −4.14 | 0.25 (0.12, 0.46) | <0.001 |
NM-Yaquis | −1.77 | 0.28 | −6.38 | 0.17 (0.11, 0.29) | <0.001 |
NM*OB | −0.76 | 0.46 | −1.64 | 0.47 (0.19, 1.15) | 0.100 |
CM-Puebla*OB | 0.29 | 0.64 | 0.46 | 1.34 (0.34, 4.36) | 0.650 |
NM-Seris*OB | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.97 | 2.31 (0.39, 12.64) | 0.330 |
NM-Yaquis*OB | 1.67 | 0.70 | 2.39 | 5.31 (1.35, 21.81) | 0.021 |
Low HDL | |||||
Intercept | −3.08 | 0.49 | −6.31 | 0.05 (0.02, 0.12) | <0.001 |
Age | 0.09 | 0.05 | 1.94 | 1.09 (1.00, 1.20) | 0.051 |
OB | 1.56 | 0.31 | 5.09 | 4.74 (2.62, 8.72) | <0.001 |
Gender (girls) | 0.47 | 0.19 | 2.49 | 1.60 (1.11, 2.31) | 0.011 |
NM-Urban | −1.03 | 0.51 | −2.02 | 0.36 (0.12, 0.92) | 0.043 |
CM-Puebla | 1.00 | 0.26 | 3.88 | 2.72 (1.66, 4.57) | <0.001 |
NM-Seris | −1.46 | 0.75 | −1.94 | 0.23 (0.04, 0.82) | 0.052 |
NM-Yaquis | 0.11 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 1.11 (0.55, 2.19) | 0.763 |
NM-Urban*OB | −16.07 | 64.21 | −0.02 | 0.01 (0.01, 61.55) | 0.982 |
CM-Puebla*OB | −0.18 | 0.58 | −0.32 | 0.83 (0.27, 2.64) | 0.752 |
NM-Seris*OB | 1.63 | 1.10 | 1.48 | 5.11 (0.61, 15.37) | 0.143 |
NM-Yaquis*OB | −17.40 | 80.06 | −0.02 | 0.02 (0.01, 6.77) | 0.999 |
High LDL | |||||
Intercept | −1.78 | 0.46 | −3.84 | 0.17 (0.07, 0.41) | ˂0.001 |
Age | 0.09 | 0.05 | 1.91 | 1.10 (1.10, 1.20) | 0.062 |
Gender (Girls) | −0.45 | 0.22 | −2.05 | 0.64 (0.41, 0.97) | 0.042 |
NM | −0.61 | 0.28 | −2.17 | 0.54 (0.31, 0.93) | 0.033 |
CM-Puebla | −1.37 | 0.26 | −5.31 | 0.25 (0.15, 0.41) | ˂0.001 |
Seris | −2.33 | 0.73 | −3.18 | 0.10 (0.02, 0.32) | 0.001 |
Yaquis | −2.35 | 0.52 | −4.48 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.24) | ˂0.001 |
Low ApoA1 | |||||
Intercept | −2.84 | 0.28 | −10.02 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.1) | ˂0.001 |
OB | 0.94 | 0.42 | 2.26 | 2.57 (1.10, 5.77) | 0.022 |
Gender (Girls) | 0.92 | 0.33 | 2.82 | 2.51 (1.33, 4.8) | ˂0.001 |
NM | −1.98 | 0.75 | −2.64 | 0.14 (0.02, 0.48) | 0.011 |
Seris | −0.3 | 0.53 | −0.57 | 0.74 (0.23, 1.94) | 0.572 |
Yaquis | 0.9 | 0.33 | 2.76 | 2.47 (1.3, 4.71) | 0.012 |
Girls*OB | −2.78 | 1.12 | −2.49 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.39) | 0.011 |
High ApoB | |||||
Intercept | −1.59 | 0.4 | −3.99 | 0.20 (0.09, 0.44) | ˂0.001 |
Age | 0.09 | 0.04 | 2.21 | 1.10 (1.01, 1.19) | 0.032 |
OB | 0.68 | 0.2 | 3.33 | 1.97 (1.32, 2.94) | ˂0.001 |
NM | 1.22 | 0.21 | 5.72 | 3.38 (2.24, 5.15) | ˂0.001 |
Seris | −1.23 | 0.38 | −3.23 | 0.29 (0.13, 0.59) | ˂0.001 |
Yaquis | −0.92 | 0.27 | −3.46 | 0.40 (0.23, 0.66) | ˂0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | |||||
Intercept | 1.08 | 0.15 | 7.14 | 2.93 (2.20, 3.97) | ˂0.001 |
OB | 0.93 | 0.35 | 2.63 | 2.54 (1.31, 5.34) | 0.009 |
NM | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.67 | 1.20 (0.71, 2.07) | 0.500 |
CM-Puebla | −0.86 | 0.19 | −4.45 | 0.42 (0.29, 0.62) | ˂0.001 |
Seris | −1.41 | 0.3 | −4.67 | 0.24 (0.13, 0.44) | ˂0.001 |
Yaquis | −1.11 | 0.23 | −4.73 | 0.33 (0.21, 0.52) | ˂0.001 |
NM-Urban*OB | −1.28 | 0.56 | −2.26 | 0.28 (0.09, 0.85) | 0.022 |
CM-Puebla*OB | 1.74 | 1.09 | 1.59 | 5.68 (0.96, 10.05) | 0.112 |
Seris*OB | 1.2 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 3.30 (0.45, 8.29) | 0.314 |
Yaquis*OB | 0.6 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 1.83 (0.37, 13.59) | 0.492 |
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Costa-Urrutia, P.; Colistro, V.; Franco-Trecu, V.; Granados, J.; Álvarez Fariña, R.; Rodríguez-Arellano, M.E. Dyslipidemia, Obesity, and Ethnicity in Mexican Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312659
Costa-Urrutia P, Colistro V, Franco-Trecu V, Granados J, Álvarez Fariña R, Rodríguez-Arellano ME. Dyslipidemia, Obesity, and Ethnicity in Mexican Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312659
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta-Urrutia, Paula, Valentina Colistro, Valentina Franco-Trecu, Julio Granados, Rafael Álvarez Fariña, and Martha Eunice Rodríguez-Arellano. 2021. "Dyslipidemia, Obesity, and Ethnicity in Mexican Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312659