Effects of Human Activities on the Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk and Sources of PTEs in Coastal Sediments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Sediment Contamination and Risk Assessment Methods
2.4.1. Pollution Load Index (PLI)
2.4.2. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.4.3. Ecological Risk Assessment
2.4.4. Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF)
PTEs (mg/kg) | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | 0.4 | 12.3 | 16.3 | 0.032 | 1.5 | 0.006 | 1.9 | |
Max | 69.6 | 68.2 | 188.0 | 0.419 | 70.0 | 0.160 | 13.1 | |
Average | 18.8 ± 13.7 | 41.4 ± 14.8 | 82.5 ± 32.6 | 0.135 ± 0.084 | 20.6 ± 15.1 | 0.079 ± 0.033 | 7.0 ± 2.6 | |
Coefficient of Variation | 73.1% | 35.7% | 39.5% | 62.6% | 73.3% | 41.7% | 36.7% | |
Kurtosis | −1.14 | 5.21 | 4.39 | −0.85 | 1.41 | 3.64 | 2.76 | |
Skewness | 0.15 | 2.08 | 1.94 | −0.14 | 0.66 | 1.76 | 1.67 | |
Bohai Bay, China | 32.6 ± 7.0 | 26.9 ± 3.4 | 95.2 ± 19.7 | 0.300 ± 0.1 | 75.2 ± 13.1 | 0.072 ± 0.042 | 12.9 ± 3.1 | [48] |
Hangzhou Bay, China | 27.2 ± 6.0 | 21.2 ± 17.3 | 86.0 ± 17.3 | 0.214 ± 0.070 | 61.7 ± 10.3 | 0.050 ± 0.011 | 9.4 ± 5.0 | [49] |
Daya Bay, China | 16.5 ± 6.3 | 37.0 ± 8.5 | 87.8 ± 26.4 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 59.0 ± 16.6 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 8.16 ± 1.99 | [50] |
Thessaloniki Bay, Greece | 77.2 ± 46.5 | 84.2 ± 53.8 | 218 ± 157.9 | 2.51 ± 3.57 | 115.4 ± 34 | - | - | [51] |
Class I, China | 35.0 | 60.0 | 150.0 | 0.50 | 80.0 | 0.20 | 20.0 | [52] |
Class II, China | 100.0 | 130.0 | 350.0 | 1.50 | 150.0 | 0.50 | 65.0 | [52] |
Background Value | 15.0 | 20.0 | 65.0 | 0.065 | 60.0 | 0.025 | 7.7 | [53] |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Geochemistry and Distribution of PTEs
3.2. Pollution Index Evaluation
3.2.1. CFs and PLI
3.2.2. Igeo Results
3.2.3. Ecological Risk Assessment
3.3. Source Analysis of PTE Pollution in Sediments
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PTEs Pollution Index | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | As | Hg | PLI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | Min. | 0.03 | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.19 |
Max. | 4.64 | 3.41 | 2.89 | 6.45 | 1.17 | 1.70 | 6.40 | 1.96 | |
Mean | 1.31 | 2.06 | 1.23 | 2.13 | 0.34 | 0.87 | 3.33 | 1.19 |
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Wang, W.; Lin, C.; Wang, L.; Jiang, R.; Liu, Y.; Lin, H.; Chen, J. Effects of Human Activities on the Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk and Sources of PTEs in Coastal Sediments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312476
Wang W, Lin C, Wang L, Jiang R, Liu Y, Lin H, Chen J. Effects of Human Activities on the Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk and Sources of PTEs in Coastal Sediments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312476
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Weili, Cai Lin, Lingqing Wang, Ronggen Jiang, Yang Liu, Hui Lin, and Jinmin Chen. 2021. "Effects of Human Activities on the Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk and Sources of PTEs in Coastal Sediments" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312476