Support of the Implementation of a Whistleblowing System for Smoke-Free Environments: A Mixed Methods Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Quantitative Approach
2.3. Qualitative Approach
3. Results
3.1. Survey among Students and Parents
3.2. Interviews after the Focus Group Discussions
3.2.1. Support from Each Stakeholder in the Development of WBS in SFEs
“Our task is to serve the mission and the vision of the City of Kendari. To that end, we support the introduction of this application that has already been successfully implemented in the Bogor area. We must enforce the law, but we have little means of control now.”—IN1
“For in the Department of Education, we are already implementing the application in the said school. The “Healthy Schools” concept calls for a radius of 50 m free of cigarette smoke. The rules are clear, but we do not have means to control it. That’s why this application is very necessary.”—IN2
“If smoking is observed in the area of SFEs, and it could harm others, sanctions should be given. This application enables us to do so, I am sure.”—IN3
3.2.2. Commitment of Each Stakeholder in the Development of WBS in SFEs
“For two years, we have had an internal rule in the Regional Health Office that prohibits smoking and violations are fined. If someone is observed smoking a photo is taken for documentation and the head of the office is informed. Thus, this (proposed) application system can be applied as its activity would support our goals. Still, its practical feasibility must be shown. Nevertheless, I am very committed to facilitating this application including the necessary budgetary support.”—IN1
“Especially Satpol PP will act as the enforcement of SFE regulations. Hope we can decrease the prevalence of smokers in the City of Kendari, particularly at facility services of health, but in consequence also at home, where smoking now is still prevalent.”—IN2
“The Satpol PP is already mandated with the enforcement of that law since April 2019. (…) Satpol surely is committed to enforce the law and that application will clearly support our personnel, as a study in Bogor City has clearly demonstrated.”—IN3
“In schools, stewards traditionally control students. A student caught smoking is immediately sent to the guidance counseling room. But with teachers and visitors, the enforcement is complicated and we depend on the help of Satpol PP.”—IN5
3.2.3. Barriers and Opportunities in the Development of WBS in SFEs
“As usual, we have only limited funds that are already used to finance another planned agenda annually. However, there is a total 10% of limited funds for unexpected activities/programs from the special Kendari Government allocation funds. It can be prioritized as cost sharing with other potential funders e.g., private companies and universities.”—IN2
“What is the model for the development of the application of this? What immediately can be done in the prosecution of violators of SFE regulations and by anyone who would do the action? How large a scope of application is this? What can cover the entire SFE areas and is able to connect all governmental institutions in town?”—IN2.
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of the Respondents
4.2. Smoking Behavior
4.3. Support and Commitment of Stakeholders in the Development of WBS in SFEs
4.4. Support of SFE Enforcement through the WBS Application
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Survey Questions
Question | Correct Answer |
---|---|
Health effects of smoking | |
Cigarette smoke is harmful to the health of smokers | Yes |
Exhaled cigarette smoke is harmful to the health of others/pregnant women/children | Yes |
SFE law | |
The smoke-free environment (SFE) prohibits smoking | Yes |
Health services are included in SFE | Yes |
Places of teaching and learning are included in SFE | Yes |
Children’s play areas are included in SFE | Yes |
Places of worship are included in SFE | Yes |
Public transportation is included in SFE | Yes |
Workplaces are included in SFE | Yes |
Public places are included in SFE | Yes |
Sports facilities are included in SFE | Yes |
Private houses are included in SFE | No |
Smoking inside any building is an activity which is prohibited in the Regional Regulation on SFE | No |
Question | Best Answer (Four Points) |
---|---|
Cigarette smoke has a negative impact only on smokers | Strongly disagree |
Smoking in any place indoors must be banned | Strongly agree |
Pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and children must be protected from the dangers of cigarette smoke | Strongly agree |
Smoking at home should be prohibited | Strongly agree |
If one day you are invited to attend a socialization event for the implementation of the SFE regulations, will you come? | Yes |
If officers from the Regency Government come to provide assistance and guidance on the implementation of SFE at your place of residence, place of work, are you willing to follow? | Yes |
Do you fully agree with the implementation of WBS on SFE in the Kendari City? | Yes |
Do you fully support the implementation of WBS on SFE in the Kendari City? | Yes |
Will you install the WBS application on your smartphone? | Yes |
Will you use the WBS application regularly while in the No Smoking Area? | Yes |
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Characteristics | Total (n = 225) | Smokers (n = 41) | Non-Smokers (n = 184) |
---|---|---|---|
Age group | |||
Students (11–19 years) | 119 (52.9%) | 14 (34.1%) | 105 (57.1%) |
Adults (20–59 years) | 106 (47.1%) | 27 (65.9%) | 79 (42.9%) |
Gender | |||
Male | 190 (84.4%) | 40 (97.6%) | 150 (81.5%) |
Female | 35 (16.6%) | 1 (2.4%) | 34 (18.5%) |
Highest education | |||
Elementary school | 10 (4.4%) | 2 (4.9%) | 8 (4.3%) |
Junior high school | 89 (39.6%) | 11 (26.8%) | 78 (42.4%) |
Senior high school | 59 (26.2%) | 15 (36.6%) | 44 (23.9%) |
Undergraduate | 61 (27.1%) | 11 (26.8%) | 50 27.2%) |
Postgraduate | 6 (2.7%) | 2 (4.9%) | 4 (2.2%) |
Profession | |||
Student/unemployed | 147 (65.3%) | 20 (48.8%) | 127 (69.0%) |
Civil servant | 64 (28.4%) | 13 (31.7%) | 51 (27.7%) |
Entrepreneur | 9 (4.0%) | 5 (12.2%) | 4 (2.2%) |
Worker | 5 (2.2%) | 3 (7.3%) | 2 (1.1%) |
Active Smoker | Bivariate Logistic | Multiple Logistic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | |
Age | ||||||
Student | 14 (11.8%) | 105 (88.2%) | Ref. | Ref | ||
Adult | 27 (25.5%) | 79 (75.5%) | 0.009 | 2.56 (1.26–5.21) | <0.001 | 4.08 (1.96–8.51) |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1 (2.9%) | 34 (97.1%) | Ref. | Ref | ||
Male | 40 (20.0%) | 150 (78.9%) | 0.032 | 9.07 (1.20–68.27) | 0.006 | 17.59 (2.28–135.85) |
Education | N/A | N/A | ||||
Elementary | 2 (20%) | 8 (80%) | 0.502 | 1.77 (0.33–9.45) | ||
Junior high | 11 (12.4%) | 78 (87.6%) | Ref. | |||
Senior high | 15 (25.4%) | 44 (74.6%) | 0.045 | 2.42 (1.02–5.72) | ||
Undergrad. | 11 (18.0%) | 50 (82.0%) | 0.337 | 1.56 (0.63–3.87) | ||
Postgrad. | 2 (33.3%) | 4 (66.7%) | 0.171 | 3.55 (0.58–21.69) | ||
Education (adults only) | N/A | N/A | ||||
Elementary | 1 (14.3%) | 6 (85.7%) | 0.243 | 0.26 (0.33–2.47) | ||
Junior high | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | Dropped (only one case) | |||
Senior high | 12 (38.7%) | 19 (61.3%) | Ref. | |||
Undergrad. | 11 (18.0%) | 50 (82.0%) | 0.034 | 0.35 (0.13–0.92) | ||
Postgrad. | 2 (33.3%) | 4 (66.7%) | 0.804 | 0.79 (0.31–5.01) | ||
Profession (adults only) | N/A | N/A | ||||
No work | 7 (23.3%) | 23 (76.7%) | 0.739 | 1.19 (0.42–3.39) | ||
Civil servant | 13 (20.3%) | 51 (79.7%) | Ref. | |||
Entrepreneur | 4 (57.1%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.045 | 5.23 (1.04–26.33) | ||
Employee | 3 (60.0%) | 2 (40.0%) | 0.066 | 5.88 (0.89–38.95) |
Smoking Behavior | Passive Smoking Is Harmless | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | p | OR (95% CI) | |
Smoking indoors at work | 18 (43.9) | 23 (56.1) | 0.851 | 0.833 (0.124–5.606) |
Smoking indoors at home | 22 (53.7) | 19 (46.3) | 0.235 | 4.0 (0.406–39.367) |
Smoking near family | 19 (46.3) | 22 (53.7) | 0.762 | 0.745 (0.111–5.007) |
Smoking near others | 18 (43.9) | 23 (56.1) | 0.116 | 6.286 (0.636–62.162) |
Passive Smoking Is Harmless | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (10) | No (215) | p | Difference | |
Attitude (0–11) | 6.7 | 9.22 | 0.0001 | 2.52 |
Commitment (0–2) | 1.3 | 1.83 | 0.0003 | 0.53 |
Support (0–2) | 2 | 3.25 | 0.0002 | 1.25 |
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Share and Cite
Asyary, A.; Veruswati, M.; Sagala, L.O.H.S.; Saktiansyah, L.O.A.; Susanna, D.; Moshammer, H. Support of the Implementation of a Whistleblowing System for Smoke-Free Environments: A Mixed Methods Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312401
Asyary A, Veruswati M, Sagala LOHS, Saktiansyah LOA, Susanna D, Moshammer H. Support of the Implementation of a Whistleblowing System for Smoke-Free Environments: A Mixed Methods Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312401
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsyary, Al, Meita Veruswati, La Ode Hasnuddin S. Sagala, La Ode Ahmad Saktiansyah, Dewi Susanna, and Hanns Moshammer. 2021. "Support of the Implementation of a Whistleblowing System for Smoke-Free Environments: A Mixed Methods Approach" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312401