A Qualitative Study on Young Women’s Lives Prior to and Four Years after Youth Detention: Examining the Good Lives Model’s Aetiological Assumptions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Aetiological Limitations: Overlooking Functionality
1.2. Aetiological Relevance: Addressing the Level of Functionality
1.3. Theoretical Application of the GLM’s Aetiological Assumptions to DFA
1.4. Empirical Base of the GLM’s Aetiological Assumptions among DFA
2. Method
2.1. Setting
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedure
2.4. In-Depth Interviews
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Functionality of Behaviour Prior to Detention
3.2. Importance and Content Prior to Detention
3.3. Internal/External Resources/Obstacles Prior to Detention (Flaw 1)
3.3.1. (In)Appropriate Means/Goals and Their Relationship to Antisocial Behaviour Prior to Detention (Flaw 2)
3.3.2. (Lack of) Scope Prior to Detention (Flaw 3)
3.3.3. Coherence/Conflict Prior to Detention (Flaw 4)
3.4. Functionality of Behaviour Four Years after Detention
3.4.1. Importance and Content after Detention
3.4.2. Internal/External Resources/Obstacles after Detention (Flaw 1)
3.4.3. (In) Appropriate Means/Goals and Their Relationship to Antisocial Behaviour after Detention (Flaw 2)
3.4.4. (Lack of) Scope after Detention (Flaw 3)
3.4.5. Coherence/Conflict after Detention (Flaw 4)
3.4.6. Turning Points after Detention
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Clinical and Policy Implications
4.3. Strengths, Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | Physical health (i.e., being healthy and meeting basic needs) |
2 | Inner peace (i.e., feeling calm and relaxed and trying to reduce stress) |
3 | Relatedness (i.e., feeling connected to others through relationships with family, friends, romantic partners and other) |
4 | Belonging (i.e., belonging to social groups or groups with shared interests) |
5 | Excellence in school a/work (i.e., being good at school/work) |
6 | Excellence in play (i.e., being good at and enjoying leisure or recreational activities) |
7 | Knowledge (i.e., having information and understanding about oneself and the world) |
8 | Creativity (i.e., having novelty or innovation in one’s life) |
9 | Pleasure (i.e., feeling content or experiencing pleasure) |
10 | Independence (i.e., directing one’s own life) |
11 | Meaning in life (i.e., finding meaning or a purpose in life) |
Prior to Detention | After Detention | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Need | Importance (n) | Content (n) | Importance (n) | Content (n) |
Physical health | Low (19) Moderate (0) High (4) | Safety (2) Healthy functioning (20) Financial & material conditions (incl. stability; 3) | Low (2) Moderate (15) High (13) | Safety (2) Healthy functioning (30) Financial/material conditions (22) |
Inner peace | Low (10) Moderate (1) High (16) | Low (0) Moderate (4) High (26) | ||
Relatedness | Low (0) Moderate (2) High (24) | Low (1) Moderate (0) High (29) | ||
Belonging | Low (3) Moderate (5) High (15) | Low (15) Moderate (11) High (3) | ||
Excellence in school/work | Low (23) Moderate (1) High (1) | Low (6) Moderate (10) High (14) | ||
Excellence in play | Low (17) Moderate (3) High (3) | Enjoyment (8) Being good at (5) | Low (9) Moderate (13) High (8) | Enjoyment (20) Being good at (15) |
Knowledge | Low (20) Moderate (2) High (1) | Knowledge about the world (3) Knowledge about oneself (0) | Low (13) Moderate (10) High (5) | Knowledge about the world (21) Knowledge about oneself (8) |
Creativity | Low (0) Moderate (2) High (3) | Creating things (3) Novelty seeking (4) | Low (16) Moderate (8) High (6) | Creating things (15) Novelty seeking (0) |
Pleasure | Low (3) Moderate (10) High (9) | Fun & enjoyment (14) Kicks & excitement (9) | Low (2) Moderate (20) High (8) | Fun & enjoyment (29) Kicks & excitement (0) |
Independence | Low (2) Moderate (2) High (24) | Directing one’s own life (27) Standing on one’s own feet (8) | Low (0) Moderate (1) High (29) | Directing one’s own life (28) Standing on one’s own feet (27) |
Meaning in life | Low (19) Moderate (1) High (2) | Broader meaning (2) Religious/spiritual meaning (1) | Low (8) Moderate (8) High (14) | Broader meaning (19) Religious/spiritual meaning (4) |
Internal Resources | External Resources | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Need | Prior to Detention (n) | After Detention (n) | Prior to Detention (n) | After Detention (n) |
Physical health | Skills (4) - daily living skills | Professional support (10) - learned daily living skills in YDC/therapy, current professional support (e.g., housing, medical) | ||
Positive personality traits (3) - persistency, optimism | Social support (7) - support from partner/family/friends (e.g., practical, financial) | |||
Good living conditions (5) - safe/stable/comfortable living conditions | ||||
Inner peace | Skills (2) - self-care | Skills (24) - self-care, personal growth (e.g., increased emotion regulation skills) | Social network/support (18) - presence & support from partner/child/friends/family (in law)/pets/other | |
Positive personality traits (6) - optimism, persistency | Professional support (11) - learned emotion regulation skills & experienced support in/from YDC/psychiatry/lawyer/other, current professional support from psychologist/caregiver | |||
Recovery (4) - recovery from alcohol/drug/mental health problems | Good upbringing (3) - good parenting | |||
Positive attitudes (2) - openness for help/support | ||||
Relatedness | Positive traits (2) - confidence and extroversion | Skills (21) - interpersonal skills, self-care Positive personality traits (9) - extroversion, persistency, optimism | Social network/support (7) - presence & support of partner/friends/family | |
Belonging | Positive personality traits (2) - likeability, humour | Social inclusion/network/opportunities/support (2) - connection with peers in the institution | Social inclusion/opportunities (3) - connection with peers, living conditions (institution) creating social opportunities | |
Skills (2) - interpersonal skills | ||||
Excellence in school/work | Interests (2) - specific academic interests | Interests (24) - academic/vocational interests. | Good educational opportunities/experiences (6) - former/current educational opportunities or positive experience (e.g., internship, adult education). | |
Skills (4) - overall/specific academic skills and intellectual ability. | Skills (15) - academic, vocational, interpersonal skills. | Good job opportunities/experiences (6) - former/current job opportunities or positive experiences. | ||
Positive personality traits (19) - persistency, optimism. | Social support (6) - support from partner/grandparent/colleagues. | |||
Positive attitudes (6) - eagerness to learn, openness. | Professional support (4) - financial & practical support. | |||
Positive work environment (2) - nice colleagues. | ||||
Excellence in play | Interests (7) - specific leisure interests. | Interests (23) - leisure interests. | Leisure opportunities (2) - enforcement by judge to engage, utilising leisure opportunities in institutions | Leisure opportunities (4) - former opportunities to engage in leisure activities & learn leisure skills in YDC/in other institutions/at school, freedom to engage in activities of one’s own choice |
Skills (4) - specific leisure skills, incl. dancing, music | Skills (11) - leisure skills | |||
Positive personality traits (4) - persistency, optimism | ||||
Knowledge | Interests (2) - broad/specific interests. | Interests (15) - broad/specific interests | ||
Skills (6) - personal growth (e.g., learned from the past), intellectual ability, interpersonal skills. | ||||
Positive attitude (4) - eagerness to learn, openness | ||||
Creativity | Interests (3) - specific creative interests | Interests (13) - creative interests. | Leisure opportunities (2) - former opportunities to engage in artistic activities & learn creative skills in YDC/psychiatry/other institutions | |
Skills (6) - creativity. | ||||
Pleasure | Positive attitudes (4) - carpe diem attitude. | Social network/opportunities (6) - presence from partner/friends/family/pets, living conditions (institution) creating opportunities of social involvement & fun | ||
Positive personality traits (3) - persistency, optimism, humour | ||||
Independence | Skills (7) - daily living skills - interpersonal skills. | Skills (26) - daily living skills, personal growth (e.g., increased emotion regulation skills), interpersonal skills, self-care. | Good upbringing (2) - good parenting, incl. parental support (2) | Good upbringing (2) - good parenting. |
Positive traits (4) - determined/tenacious. | Positive personality traits (20) - persistency, optimism. | Professional support (17) - learned emotion regulation/interpersonal/daily living skills & experienced support in YDC/psychiatry/other, current professional support from (former) caregiver/therapist/judge/other. | ||
Positive attitudes (2) - disapproving attitude towards drugs. | Positive attitude (6) - openness for help/support, conformism. | Social network/support (15) - presence & support from partner/family (in law)/others. | ||
Positive cognitions/affect (9) - feelings of happiness (e.g., pride, gratefulness). | Freedom of choice (11) - freedom of choice no longer restricted by (grand)parents/(youth)court. | |||
Recovery (3) - recovery from drug problems. | Social deprivation (6) - former isolation from antisocial peers & substances during YDC/time-out abroad, former experience/threat of deprivation during YDC/adult imprisonment. | |||
Meaning in life | Skills (8) - personal growth (e.g., expert by experience). | Religious upbringing (2) - religious beliefs. | ||
Positive cognitions/affect (7) - feelings of happiness (e.g., satisfaction, pride). | Social network (2) - relationship with catholic partner, being surrounded by people who truly care. | |||
Positive personality traits (6) - persistency, optimism. |
Internal Obstacles | External Obstacles | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Need | Prior to Detention (n) | After Detention (n) | Prior to Detention (n) | After Detention (n) |
Physical health | Physical health problems (3) - unhealthy bodyweight, asthma | Physical health problems (24) - physical complaints, unhealthy bodyweight, sleeping problems. | Poor living conditions (10) - unhealthy living conditions, incl. trauma exposure - unsafe living conditions - unstable living conditions | Poor living conditions (12) - former unhealthy living conditions (e.g., trauma exposure), current unstable/uncomfortable living conditions (e.g., housing & financial problems) |
Substance use problem (10) - nicotine, drug & alcohol abuse/addiction. | Substance use problems (8) - nicotine/drug/alcohol abuse/addiction. | |||
Behavioural problems/strategies (5) - self-harm, unhealthy food habits, aggressive behaviour. | Negative personality traits (5) - nonchalance, prodigality, laziness. | |||
Inner peace | Negative cognitive/affect (18) - feelings of anxiety, anger, sadness, loneliness, shame, identity issues, suicidal thoughts, preoccupation with loss | Negative cognitions/affect (23) - (social) anxiety, anger, sadness | Lack of (tailored) professional support (14) - (repeated) placement in institutions, incl. poor match with needs - negative experience with police officers | Lack of (tailored) professional support (9) - negative experiences with support from YDC/psychiatrists/judge/other, limited access to professional. |
Lack of skills (6) - poor emotion regulation skills | Lack of skills (12) - poor emotion regulation skills | Poor living conditions (13) - unhealthy living conditions incl. trauma exposure - unstable living conditions | Poor living conditions (15) - former unhealthy living conditions (e.g., trauma exposure), current unstable living conditions (e.g., limited financial resources) | |
Substance use problem (2) - drug addiction | Substance use problems (3) - drug abuse/addiction | Poor upbringing (8) - poor relationships, incl. poor attachment - poor parenting, incl. lack of parental support | Poor upbringing (8) - poor relationship with parents, poor parenting | |
Negative attitudes (5) - no openness for help/support | Loss (7) - death of a loved one (incl. abortion, miscarriages) | Loss (13) - death of a loved one, out-of-home placement of child | ||
Negative personality traits (3) - stress-sensitivity, hyper-sensitivity, insecurity | Lack of social inclusion/(3) - bullying by peers/rejection by family/peers | Lack of social inclusion/support (6) - limited social support, lack of appreciation from family, lack of connection with peers | ||
Injustice (3) - experiences of personal (placement) & social (unequal chances in life) injustices | Injustice (11) - experiences of personal & social injustice | |||
Life related conflicts/stress (4) - family related: incl. being searched by family - justice related: being searched by police | Life related stress (15) - family/partner/child/peer/justice related problems | |||
Stigma/judgment (4) - stigma regarding antisocial behaviour & drug addiction, judgment about motherhood | ||||
Social deprivation (3) - former experience of social deprivation/isolation/fixation in YDC/psychiatry | ||||
Relatedness | Lack of skills (8) - lack of interpersonal skills | Lack of skills (12) - limited interpersonal skills (e.g., difficulties to trust). | Poor upbringing (18) - poor relationship with parent/s, incl. | Poor upbringing (23) - poor relationship with parents, poor parenting. |
Negative traits (5) - impulsive, naïve, stubborn | Negative personality traits (10) - stubbornness, dominance, insecurity | poor attachment (14) - poor parenting, incl. lack of parental support | Lack of social inclusion/network/support (11) - lack of social support & appreciation from partner/family, rejection by family, limited number of friends. | |
Behavioural problems/strategies (2) - lying, deceiving, running away | Behavioural problems/strategies (2) - psychiatric problems (e.g., aggression) | Lack of social inclusion/network/opportunities/support (12) - limited support/appreciation from family/peers, few friends, bullying (by peers), social rejection | Poor living conditions (5) - former unhealthy living conditions (e.g., trauma exposure), current unhealthy/unsafe living conditions (e.g., antisocial neighbourhood). | |
Substance use problems (2) - drug abuse/addiction | Poor living conditions (2) - unhealthy living conditions, incl. trauma exposure | Social deprivation (2) - former disruption of family/peer contacts due to (repeated) placement in institutions. | ||
Social deprivation (7) - lack of stable relationships with family/friends due to (repeated) placement in institutions | Life related stress (15) - family/peer related problems. | |||
Loss (8) - death of a loved one, out-of-home placement of child. | ||||
Judgment (3) - judgment about motherhood/choice of partner. | ||||
Practical barriers (3) - distance, time. | ||||
Belonging | Lack of social inclusion/network/opportunities/support (4) - lack of popularity/acceptance, bullying by peers. | Lack of social inclusion (2) - lack of connection with peers/others | ||
Social deprivation (2) - lack of a steady peer group due to repeated placements. | ||||
Excellence in school/work | Negative cognitions/affect (6) -not feeling comfortable at school, performance anxiety, preoccupation with other things (e.g., running away). | Negative cognitions/affect (10) - (social/performance) anxiety, depression, preoccupation with other things. | Limited educational opportunities (6) - interrupted school. | Poor educational opportunities/experiences (20) - former poor educational opportunities/experiences (e.g., interrupted school career, no secondary education degree: e.g., due to placement in institutions). |
Negative attitudes (6) - rebellious, arrogant. | Negative attitudes (2) - anarchism. | Poor living conditions (2) - unhealthy living conditions, incl. sexual exploitation - unstable living conditions, incl. limited financial resources. | Poor living conditions (4) - unstable living conditions (e.g., limited financial resources). | |
Lack of interests (5) - lack of specific academic interests. | Lack of interests (3) - lack of specific academic/vocational interests. | Lack of social inclusion/network/opportunities/support (7) - lack of connection with peers at school, bullying. | Practical barriers (8) - time, distance, presence of child. | |
Substance use problem (2) - drug addiction. | Substance use problems (2) - drug/alcohol abuse/addiction. | Life related conflicts/stress (2) - family, justice and peer related. | Poor job opportunities/experiences (5) - limited (long-term) job opportunities, negative solicitation experiences, unemployment. | |
Behavioural problems/strategies (13) - truancy, running away. | Lack of skills (8) - limited academic, interpersonal, emotion regulation skills. | Stigma/discrimination (4) - discrimination at the job market, stigma regarding not having a secondary education degree. | ||
Physical health problems (6) - phys. Complaints. | Poor upbringing (2) - poor parenting. | |||
Excellence in play | Behavioural problem/strategies (2) - running away | Physical health problems (5) - physical complaints, unhealthy bodyweight. | Poor living conditions (2) - unhealthy living conditions, including sexual exploitation and unstable living conditions (incl. limited financial resources). | Poor living conditions (7) - unstable living conditions: (e.g., limited financial resources). |
Negative cognitions/affect (5) - sadness, (social) anxiety, depression. | Limited leisure opportunities (4) - limited opportunities to engage in leisure activities. | Practical barriers (6) - time, distance, presence of child/pet. | ||
Lack of interests (2) - lack of specific leisure interests. | Life related conflicts/stress (2) - family and justice related. | Lack of social network (2) - lack of company. | ||
Knowledge | Lack of skills (2) - limited academic skills, limited intellectual ability | Poor educational opportunities/experiences (2) - former poor educational opportunities/experiences (e.g., interrupted school career, no secondary education degree: due to placement in institutions) | ||
Creativity | Lack of skills (2) - limited creativity | Lack of skills (7) - limited creativity. | Poor living conditions (3) - unstable living conditions (e.g., limited financial resources). | |
Interests (5) - limited creative interests. | Practical barriers (2) - time. | |||
Pleasure | Negative cognitions/affect (3) - feelings of anxiety/stress (incl. hypervigilance), ruminating. | Negative cognitions/affect (8) - sadness, (social) anxiety, preoccupation with past/loss. | Poor living conditions (2) - unhealthy living conditions at home, including trauma exposure | Poor living conditions (5) - former unhealthy living conditions (e.g., trauma exposure), current unstable living conditions (e.g., limited financial resources). |
Physical health problems (2) - phys. complaints, sleeping problems. | Loss (4) - death of a loved one | |||
Independence | Lack of skills (9) - limited daily living, interpersonal and emotion regulation skills. | Lack of skills (8) - limited daily living/interpersonal/emotion regulation skills | Poor living conditions (4) - unhealthy living conditions. | Poor living conditions (8) - former unhealthy living conditions (e.g., trauma exposure, manipulation by partner), current unhealthy/unsafe/unstable living conditions (e.g., antisocial neighbourhood, limited financial resources). |
Negative traits (4) - impulsivity, naivety, limited responsibility, immaturity, insecurity, lazy. | Negative personality traits (6) - nonchalance, impulsivity, insecurity | Limited freedom of choice (18) - freedom of choice restricted by parents, youth court, placements in institutions with strict rules. | Limited freedom of choice (8) - freedom of choice restricted by parents/court/broader societal norms. | |
Negative cognitions/affect (4) - feelings of sadness, anger, identity issues. | Negative cognitions/affect (6) - sadness, anxiety, psychiatric problems (e.g., borderline). | Poor upbringing (8) - poor relationship/s with parent/s and poor parenting. | Poor upbringing (5) - poor relationship with parents, poor parenting. | |
Vulnerabilities (9) - antisocial history/habits/tendencies. | Life related conflicts/stress (2) - peer related. | Life related stress (3) -/partner/peer related problems. | ||
Physical health problems (2) - phys. Complaints. | Injustice (3) -experiences of personal injustice (placement, not being heard/understood). | Injustice (5) - experiences of personal & social injustice. | ||
Lack of social inclusion/network/opportunities/support (3) - bullying by peers/rejection by family. | Institutionalisation (4) - difficulties to organise one’s life outside the context of an institution. | |||
Meaning in life | Behavioural problems/strategies (5) - living from day to day. | |||
Negative cognitions/affect (3) - feelings of sadness, suicidal thoughts, preoccupation with loss. |
Basic Need | Prior to Detention (n) | After Detention (n) | Prior to Detention (n) | After Detention (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical health | Activities with health purposes (3) - taking care of oneself: adopting a healthy lifestyle. | Activities with health purposes (23) - taking care of oneself: adopting a healthy lifestyle. | Activities with financial/material purposes (2) - property & violent offending and drug dealing. | - |
Activities with financial/material purposes (17) - improving living conditions (e.g., getting/having a job). | ||||
Inner peace | Adaptive coping (14) - seeking support, engagement in relaxing/distracting activities (e.g., writing, art, music, sports), living from day to day | Adaptive coping strategies (30) - engagement in relaxing/distracting activities, seeking (social/professional/supernatural) support, distancing oneself from destructive contacts | Maladaptive coping (22) - drug & alcohol use, - running away, physical/verbal aggression, self-harm, suicide attempt, rebellious behaviour | Maladaptive coping strategies (16) - drug use, material/verbal/physical aggression, isolating oneself |
Relatedness | Family relationships (12) - with mother, father, other family (incl. siblings, grandparents, nephews/nieces) and family in law. | Family relationships (28) - mother, father, child, other family (in law). | Obtaining/maintaining relationships (11) - running away, firesetting, truancy & disobedience at home, promiscuous behaviour and drug use. | Obtaining/maintaining relationships (3) - sacrificing oneself, lying. |
Obtaining/maintaining relationships (2) - attending religious courses - making effort to be perceived positively by teachers. | Obtaining/maintaining relationships (4) - distance oneself from destructive contacts. | Romantic relationships (10) - unhealthy/unbalanced relationship with antisocial partner and frequently changing romantic relationships. | Romantic relationships (3) - unhealthy/unbalanced relationship. | |
Friendships (5) - close friends. | Friendships (25) - close friends. | Friendships (5) - relationships with antisocial friends. | ||
Other relationships (6) - with caregivers, peers/teachers at school and animals. | Other relationships (15) - (ex-)caregiver, neighbour, pet | |||
Romantic relationships (25) - healthy/balanced relationship. | ||||
Belonging | Being part (3) - being part of a group in the institution/at school. | Being part (7) - being part of a prosocial peer group (at school/work/other). | Being part (14) - hanging around with antisocial peers/people and gang membership. | Being part (2) - being part of an antisocial peer group/gang |
Becoming/staying part (4) - making efforts to fit in, engaging in voluntary work. | Becoming/staying part (14) - drug & alcohol misuse, rebellious behaviour, running away, truancy, property offending (incl. shoplifting) and physical aggression. | |||
Excellence in school/work | - | Work-related activities (22) - getting/having a meaningful job. | - | - |
School-related activities (14) - attending school (in order to get a degree). | ||||
Excellence in play | Engagement in prosocial leisure activities (5) - engagement in music, sports | Engagement in prosocial leisure activities (17) - sports, music, acting, etc. | - | - |
Knowledge | (In)formal learning (3) - engagement in courses, experience-based activities | (In)formal learning (19) - engagement in courses, informative activities, experience-based activities. | - | Personal growth (2) - engagement in antisocial mind-expanding activities (e.g., drug use) |
Personal growth (6) - engagement in prosocial activities of personal growth (e.g., therapy, self-reflection). | ||||
Creativity | Engagement in artistic activities (3) - tinkering, drawing, dancing, music | Engagement in artistic activities (14) - tinkering, decorating, hairdressing | Engagement in experimental activities (3) - experimenting with drugs (incl. addiction) | - |
Pleasure | Social involvement (4) - spending time with friends. | Social involvement (25) - spending time with child/partner/family (in law)/friends/pets. | Fun/exciting activities (15) - running away, drug & alcohol use, rebellious behaviour, partying, and property offending. | Fun/exciting activities (3) - drug/alcohol use |
Fun/exciting activities (6) - engagement in enjoyable activities (incl. watching a movie, reading, playing music, going on school trips | Fun/exciting activities (23) - engagement in fun activities (e.g., watching a movie, going out). | Social involvement (8) - spending time with antisocial peers/people. | ||
Self-caring activities (7) - taking care of oneself, enjoying the small things in life | Self-boosting activities (4) - acting tough, drug dealing, physical aggression. | |||
Independence | - | Being/living independently (26) - making one’s own choices, getting/having a degree/job/driver’s license/car/own house. | Adopting an antisocial lifestyle (5) - homelessness, drug using or dealing. | Adopting a pro-/anti-social lifestyle (2) - being against ‘the system’. |
Adopting a pro-/anti-social lifestyle (18) - choosing to live one’s life differently. | Doing whatever one wants (21) - running away, rebellious behaviour, drug & alcohol use, partying, socialising with older/antisocial people, lying & deceiving, truancy, and firesetting. | Striving for justice/defending oneself (6) - acting tough, using verbal/physical aggression. | ||
Taking care of oneself (13) - distancing oneself from destructive contacts. | Obtaining status (19) - through physical, verbal, material aggression, through acting tough, rude, arrogant, aggressive, arguing with & contradicting other, property offending, threatening, bullying others and taking leadership position in antisocial peer group. | |||
State of affairs related to emerging adulthood (9) - motherhood, having reached the age of legal majority & criminal responsibility. | ||||
Striving for justice/defending oneself (6) - defending one’s own rights/communicating one’s own boundaries with words. | ||||
Obtaining status/being someone (3) - living a luxurious life, being loud. | ||||
Meaning in life | - | Broader personal meaning-making (14) - doing it better compared to one’s own parents, chasing one’s vocational dream. | Broader personal meaning-making (2) - looking for happiness/a better future via inappropriate means, incl. running away | - |
Broader altruistic meaning-making (14) - partnership/motherhood, giving one’s children a better future, helping others based on one’s own experiences. | ||||
Religious/spiritual engagement (4) - praying, immersing oneself in religious/spiritual/supernatural ideas. |
Basic Need * | After Detention (n) |
---|---|
Inner peace | Internal resources Skills (7) Positive personality traits (2) Recovery (1) |
External resources Social network/support (5) Professional support (4) Good upbringing (1) | |
Means/goals Adaptive coping strategies (4) Maladaptive coping strategies (1) | |
Relatedness | Internal resources Skills (1) |
External resources Social support (1) | |
Means/goals Family relationships (3) Obtaining/maintaining relationships (2) | |
Belonging | Internal resources Positive personality traits (1) |
External resources Good educational opportunities/experiences (1) | |
Independence | Internal resources Skill (17) Positive personality traits (8) Positive cognitions/affect (1) Positive attitudes (3) Recovery (2) |
External resources Professional support (9) Social network/support (11) Freedom of choice (5) Social deprivation (6) Good upbringing (1) | |
Means/goals Being/living independently (7) Adopting a pro-/anti-social lifestyle (17) Taking care of oneself (11) State of affairs related to emerging adulthood (8) | |
Meaning in life | Internal resources Skills (1) Positive personality traits (1) |
Means/goals Broader personal meaning-making (5) Broader altruistic meaning-making (4) |
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Van Damme, L.; Fortune, C.-A.; Vandevelde, S.; Vanderplasschen, W.; Colins, O.F. A Qualitative Study on Young Women’s Lives Prior to and Four Years after Youth Detention: Examining the Good Lives Model’s Aetiological Assumptions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211830
Van Damme L, Fortune C-A, Vandevelde S, Vanderplasschen W, Colins OF. A Qualitative Study on Young Women’s Lives Prior to and Four Years after Youth Detention: Examining the Good Lives Model’s Aetiological Assumptions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211830
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Damme, Lore, Clare-Ann Fortune, Stijn Vandevelde, Wouter Vanderplasschen, and Olivier F. Colins. 2021. "A Qualitative Study on Young Women’s Lives Prior to and Four Years after Youth Detention: Examining the Good Lives Model’s Aetiological Assumptions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211830