Increased Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged 0–3 Years Highly Exposed to Parabens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Outcome Assessment
2.3. Exposure Assessment
2.4. Ethics Statement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparisons of Characteristics
3.2. Comparisons of Distribution of Urinary Concentrations of Parabens
3.3. Comparison of the Prevalence of Allergic Diseases among Age Groups
3.4. Comparisons of the Prevalence of Allergic Diseases between High and Low Exposure to Parabens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boy (N = 122) | Girl (N = 114) | |
---|---|---|
Age (month (mean ± SD)) | 20.42 ± 16.66 | 25.72 ± 17.36 * |
Height (cm (mean ± SD)) | 78.81 ± 14.44 | 82.08 ± 15.25 |
Weight (kg (mean ± SD)) | 10.61 ± 3.67 | 11.36 ± 3.75 |
Kaup’s index (kg/m2 (mean ± SD)) | 16.75 ± 1.68 | 16.32 ± 1.36 * |
Number with passive smoking (percentage) | 41 (34.2%) | 34 (29.8%) |
Food allergies (number (prevalence)) | 4 (3.3%) | 7 (6.1%) |
Bronchial asthma (number (prevalence)) | 10 (8.2%) | 11 (9.6%) |
Nasal allergies (number (prevalence)) | 1 (0.8%) | 3 (2.6%) |
Atopic dermatitis (number (prevalence)) | 16 (13.1%) | 15 (13.2%) |
Total allergies (number (prevalence)) | 27 (22.1%) | 31 (27.2%) |
Number using parabens (percentage) | 36 (29.5%) | 46 (40.4%) |
Number with high urinary concentrations of parabens (percentage) | 35 (28.7%) | 26 (22.8%) |
Age Group (Number) | 4 Months (N = 77) | 18 Months (N = 60) | 36 Months (N = 99) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of boys (percentage) | 45 (58.4%) | 36 (60.0%) | 41 (41.4%) | 0.026 |
Age (month (mean ± SD)) | 3.12 ± 0.32 | 17.25 ± 3.90 | 41.9 ± 2.48 | 0.000 |
Height (cm (mean ± SD)) | 62.11 ± 2.37 | 79.08 ± 2.87 | 95.59 ± 3.87 | 0.000 |
Weight (kg (mean ± SD)) | 6.66 ± 0.82 | 10.53 ± 0.99 | 14.58 ± 1.96 | 0.000 |
Kaup’s index (kg/m2 (mean ± SD)) | 17.23 ± 1.57 | 16.9 ± 1.19 | 15.8 ± 1.40 | 0.000 |
Number with passive smoking (percentage) | 22 (28.6%) | 18 (30.0%) | 35 (36.1%) | 0.534 |
Food allergies (number (prevalence)) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | - |
Bronchial asthma (number (prevalence)) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (10.0%) | 15 (15.2%) | 0.002 |
Nasal allergies (number (prevalence)) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.0%) | - |
Atopic dermatitis (number (prevalence)) | 15 (19.5%) | 4 (6.7%) | 12 (12.1%) | 0.082 |
Number using parabens (percentage) | 11 (14.3%) | 20 (33.3%) | 51 (51.5%) | 0.000 |
Number with high urinary concentrations of parabens (percentage) | 23 (29.9%) | 17 (28.3%) | 21 (21.2%) | 0.380 |
Paraben Use (Number) | (Paraben Use +) (N = 82) | (Paraben Use −) (N = 154) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of boys (percentage) | 36 (43.9%) | 86 (55.8%) | 0.082 |
Age (month (mean ± SD)) | 30.44 ± 15.50 | 19.01 ± 16.73 | 0.000 |
Kaup’s index (kg/m2 (mean ± SD)) | 16.24 ± 1.47 | 16.71 ± 1.57 | 0.029 |
Number with passive smoking (percentage) | 23 (28.4%) | 52 (33.7%) | 0.385 |
Food allergies (number (prevalence)) | 2 (2.4%) | 2 (1.3%) | - |
Bronchial asthma (number (prevalence)) | 10 (12.2%) | 11 (7.1%) | 0.194 |
Nasal allergies (number (prevalence)) | 1 (1.2%) | 3 (1.9%) | - |
Atopic dermatitis (number (prevalence)) | 18 (22.0%) | 13 (8.4%) | 0.003 |
Number with high urinary concentrations of parabens (percentage) | 27 (32.9%) | 34 (22.1%) | 0.082 |
Urinary Concentrations of Parabens | High (Higher than 100 (pmol/Cr, N = 61)) | Low (Lower than 100 (pmol/Cr, N = 175)) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of boys (percentage) | 35 (57.4%) | 87 (49.7%) | 0.304 |
Age (month (mean ± SD)) | 19.79 ± 17.45 | 24.09 ± 16.98 | 0.092 |
Kaup’s index (kg/m2 (mean ± SD)) | 16.72 ± 1.61 | 16.48 ± 1.52 | 0.308 |
Number with passive smoking (percentage) | 17 (28.3%) | 58 (33.3%) | 0.476 |
Food allergies (number (prevalence)) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (2.3%) | - |
Bronchial asthma (number (prevalence)) | 6 (9.8%) | 15 (8.6%) | 0.765 |
Nasal allergies (number (prevalence)) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (2.3%) | - |
Atopic dermatitis (number (prevalence)) | 18 (29.5%) | 13 (7.4%) | 0.000 |
Number using parabens (percentage) | 27 (44.3%) | 55 (31.4%) | 0.082 |
β (SE) | Exp (β) (95% Confidence Interval) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Boy | −0.154 (0.411) | 0.857 (0.383–1.919) | 0.708 |
Age | 0.007 (0.013) | 1.007 (0.981–1.033) | 0.602 |
Kaup’s index | 0.013 (0.143) | 1.013 (0.765–1.341) | 0.928 |
Passive smoking | −0.067 (0.445) | 0.935 (0.390–2.238) | 0.880 |
Group with high urinary concentrations | 1.609 (0.407) | 4.995 (2.248–11.099) | 0.000 |
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Arafune, J.; Tsujiguchi, H.; Hara, A.; Shimizu, Y.; Hori, D.; Nguyen, T.T.T.; Suzuki, F.; Hamagishi, T.; Yamada, Y.; Nakamura, H.; et al. Increased Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged 0–3 Years Highly Exposed to Parabens. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111657
Arafune J, Tsujiguchi H, Hara A, Shimizu Y, Hori D, Nguyen TTT, Suzuki F, Hamagishi T, Yamada Y, Nakamura H, et al. Increased Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged 0–3 Years Highly Exposed to Parabens. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111657
Chicago/Turabian StyleArafune, Johichi, Hiromasa Tsujiguchi, Akinori Hara, Yukari Shimizu, Daisuke Hori, Thao Thi Thu Nguyen, Fumihiko Suzuki, Toshio Hamagishi, Yohei Yamada, Haruki Nakamura, and et al. 2021. "Increased Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged 0–3 Years Highly Exposed to Parabens" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111657