Contents of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Subject in the Undergraduate Nursing Curricula of Spanish Universities: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Settings
2.2. Design and Sample
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
Contents in Sexual and Reproductive Health
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Beninger, C. Reproductive Rights, UN Sustainable Development Goals and International Human Rights Law. In Gender Equality. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals; Leal Filho, W., Marisa Azul, A., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A., Wall, T., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 1013–1025. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Brocher Foundation. In Proceedings of the WHO Meeting on Ethical, Legal, Human Rights and Social Accountability Implications of Self-Care Interventions for Sexual and Reproductive Health, Hermance, Switzerland, 12–14 March 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Olshansky, E.; Taylor, D.; Johnson-Mallard, V.; Halloway, S.; Stokes, L. Sexual and reproductive health rights, access & justice: Where nursing stands. Nurs. Outlook 2018, 66, 416–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Taylor, D.; Olshansky, E.F.; Woods, N.F.; Johnson-Mallard, V.; Safriet, B.J.; Hagan, T. Corrigendum to position statement: Political interference in sexual and reproductive health research and health professional education [Nursing Outlook 65/2 (2017) 242–245]. Nurs. Outlook 2017, 65, 346–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cappiello, J.; Coplon, L.; Carpenter, H. Systematic review of sexual and reproductive health care content in nursing curricula. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2017, 46, e157–e167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Araujo, L.M.; Penna, L.H.G.; Carinhanha, J.I.; Costa, C.M.A. The care to lesbian women in the field of sexual and reproductive health. Rev. Enferm. UERJ 2019, 27, 34262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McFadden, A.; Siebelt, L.; Gavine, A.; Atkin, K.; Bell, K.; Innes, N.; Jones, H.; Jackson, C.; Haggi, H.; MacGillivray, S. Gypsy, Roma and Traveller access to and engagement with health services: A systematic review. Eur. J. Public Health 2018, 28, 74–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levi, A.J. Sexual and reproductive health in nursing education. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2017, 46, e147–e148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Campbell, P. The role of nurses in sexual and reproductive health. J. Fam. Plan. Reprod. Health Care 2004, 30, 169–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McLemore, M.R.; Levi, A.J. Expanding access to sexual and reproductive health services through nursing education. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2017, 46, e149–e156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Simmonds, K.; Cappiello, J.; Hoyt, A. Sexual and reproductive health content in nurse practitioner transition to practice training programs. Contraception X 2019, 1, 100005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Athanasopoulou, M.; Kouta, C. Education on Sexual and Reproductive Health Within the Context of European Policy: A Literature Review. Sci. J. Hell. Regul. Body Nurses 2019, 2, 49–52. Available online: http://journal-ene.gr/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Tomos02_teyxos02-aggl-dragged4.pdf. (accessed on 19 August 2021).
- Klemetti, R.; Raussi-Lehto, E. Promote, Prevent, Influence: The Action Programme for the Promotion of Sexual and Reproductive Health in 2014–2020; National Institute for Health and Welfare: Helsinki, Finland, 2018; pp. 1–174. [Google Scholar]
- González-Hernando, C.; Carbonero-Martín, M.Á.; Lara-Ortega, F.; Martín-Villamor, P. “Learning to learn” in Nursing Higher Education. Investig. Educ. Enferm. 2013, 31, 473–479. Available online: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/iee/v31n3/v31n3a16.pdf (accessed on 19 August 2021).
- Ma, X.; Yang, Y.; Chow, K.M.; Zang, Y. Chinese adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health education: A quasi-experimental study. Public Health Nurs. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boti, N.; Hussen, S.; Shegaze, M.; Shibiru, S.; Abebe, S.; Godana, W.; Zerhun, E.; Desalegn, N.; Gebretsadik, W.; Temtime, Z. Process evaluation of curriculum based sexual and reproductive health education among first year students in arba minch university: Qualitative study. Ethiop. J. Reprod. Health 2019, 11, 10. Available online: http://ejrh.org/index.php/ejrh/article/download/308/98/. (accessed on 19 August 2021).
- Provenzano-Castro, B.; Oizerovich, S.; Stray-Pedersen, B. Health care students at an Argentinean school of medicine: Are they well prepared to provide quality sexual and reproductive health services? Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care 2017, 22, 233–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- VERIFICA: Verification of Official Education in Spain. Available online: http://www.aneca.es/Programas-de-evaluacion/Evaluacion-de-titulos/VERIFICA (accessed on 14 January 2021).
- State Official Newsletter Order CIN 2134/2008 of July 3, Which Establishes the Requirements for the Verification of Official Titles That Enable the Exercise of the Profession of Nurse. 2008. Available online: https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2008-12388 (accessed on 19 August 2021).
- State Official Newsletter Royal Decree 1393/2007, of October 29, Which Establishes the Organization of Official University Education. Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2007. Available online: https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2007/BOE-A-2007-18770-consolidado.pdf (accessed on 19 August 2021).
- Ünal Toprak, F.; Turan, Z. The effect of sexual health courses on the level of nursing students’ sexual/reproductive health knowledge and sexual myths beliefs in Turkey: A pretest-posttest control group design. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care 2021, 57, 667–674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Degree in Nursing. Available online: https://www.uv.es/uvweb/college/en/undergraduate-studies/undergraduate-studies-/degree-programmes-offered/degree-nursing-1285846094474/Titulacio.html?id=1285847387010 (accessed on 9 August 2021).
- UAB Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing. Available online: https://www.uab.cat/web/estudiar/ehea-degrees/general-information-1216708259085.html?param1=1232089768474 (accessed on 9 August 2021).
- WHO. World Health Organization Action Plan for Sexual and Reproductive Health: Towards Achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Europe; WHO Regional Office for Europe: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality. Ministry of Health National Strategy for Sexual and Reproductive Health; Ministry of Health, Social Policy and Equality: Madrid, Spain, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research Family and Community Health. World Health Organization Transforming Health Systems: Gender and Rights in Reproductive Health; Department of Reproductive Health and Research Family and Community Health: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Government of Spain. Observatory of Women’s Health and the National Health System; General Directorate Quality Agency of the National Health System; Ministry of Health Attention Strategy for Normal Delivery in the National Health System; Government of Spain: Madrid, Spain, 2007.
- What to Study and Where in University. Available online: https://www.educacion.gob.es/notasdecorte/busquedaSimple.action (accessed on 11 March 2021).
- University of Valencia. University of Valencia Application form for Verification of Official Bachelor’s Degrees: Graduated or Graduated in Nursing from the University of Valencia; University of Valencia: Valencia, Spain, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Morisi, T.L. 70 years of the Occupational Outlook Handbook. Mon. Lab. Rev. 2019, 1–16. Available online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26864886 (accessed on 11 August 2021). [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mecugni, D.; Gradellini, C.; Caldeira, E.; Aaberg, V.; Dias, H.; Gómez-Cantarino, S.; Frias, A.; Barros, M.; Sousa, L.; Sim-Sim, M. Sexual Competence in Higher Education: Global Perspective in a Multicentric Project in the Nursing Degree. Healthcare 2021, 9, 166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aaberg, V. The state of sexuality education in baccalaureate nursing programs. Nurse Educ. Today 2016, 44, 14–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Association of Colleges of Nursing. US Department of Health and Human Services; Health Resources and Services Administration; Office of Women’s Health Women’s Health Curricula: Final Report on Expert Panel Recommendations for Interprofessional Collaboration across the Health Professions; American Association of Colleges of Nursing: Washington, DC, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
Total Universities (n = 77) | Public Universities (n = 52) | Private Universities (n = 25) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | Test χ2 | p | Cramer’s V * | |
Reproductive Health | |||||||||
1. Human reproduction | 61 | 79.2 | 42 | 80.8 | 19 | 76.0 | 28.235 | 0.703 | 0.024 |
2. Human prenatal development | 50 | 64.9 | 35 | 67.3 | 15 | 60.0 | 17.347 | 0.578 | 0.037 |
3. Pregnancy | 65 | 84.4 | 45 | 86.5 | 20 | 80.0 | 15.896 | 0.635 | 0.033 |
4. Health problems during pregnancy | 64 | 83.1 | 45 | 86.5 | 19 | 76.0 | 16.347 | 0.038 | 0.053 |
5. Delivery | 61 | 79.2 | 39 | 75.0 | 22 | 88.0 | 18.622 | 0.017 | 0.066 |
6. Complications in labor and delivery | 54 | 70.1 | 33 | 63.5 | 21 | 84.0 | 25.057 | 0.002 | 0.104 |
7. Puerperium and lactation | 65 | 84.4 | 45 | 86.5 | 20 | 80.0 | 27.129 | 0.638 | 0.033 |
8. Health problems in the puerperium | 49 | 63.6 | 35 | 67.3 | 14 | 56.0 | 17.249 | 0.028 | 0.057 |
9. Women’s reproductive health care | 58 | 75.3 | 38 | 73.1 | 20 | 80.0 | 9.695 | 0.060 | 0.035 |
10. Care for women with reproductive health problems | 51 | 66.2 | 34 | 65.4 | 17 | 68.0 | 29.791 | 0.728 | 0.013 |
11. Epidemiology and demography in reproductive health | 9 | 11.7 | 6 | 11.5 | 3 | 12.0 | 33.153 | 0.942 | 0.003 |
12. Socio-anthropological aspects in reproductive health | 10 | 13.0 | 8 | 15.4 | 2 | 8.0 | 16.249 | 0.558 | 0.038 |
13. Women’s Health Education and Research | 30 | 39.0 | 22 | 42.3 | 8 | 32.0 | 15.890 | 0.044 | 0.052 |
14. Legislation and Ethics | 5 | 6.5 | 4 | 7.7 | 1 | 4.0 | 17.546 | 0.715 | 0.019 |
15. Women’s Health Services Administration | 3 | 3.9 | 2 | 3.8 | 1 | 4.0 | 44.813 | 0.953 | 0.001 |
Sexual Health | |||||||||
1. General concepts | 38 | 49.4 | 26 | 50.0 | 12 | 48.0 | 20.108 | 0.780 | 0.010 |
2. Socio-anthropology of sexuality | 13 | 16.9 | 11 | 21.2 | 2 | 8.0 | 31.440 | 0.012 | 0.067 |
3. Components of sexuality | 14 | 18.2 | 12 | 23.1 | 2 | 8.0 | 35.952 | 0.003 | 0.077 |
4. Sexual psychophysiology | 17 | 22.1 | 14 | 26.9 | 3 | 12.0 | 32.874 | 0.008 | 0.076 |
5. Sexuality in puberty and adolescence | 21 | 27.3 | 13 | 25.0 | 8 | 32.0 | 15.622 | 0.584 | 0.036 |
6. Sexuality in adulthood | 12 | 15.6 | 8 | 15.4 | 4 | 16.0 | 56.542 | 0.925 | 0.003 |
7. Sexuality in pregnancy and the puerperium | 12 | 15.6 | 9 | 17.3 | 3 | 12.0 | 16.745 | 0.681 | 0.027 |
8. Sexuality in the climacteric | 18 | 23.4 | 11 | 21.2 | 7 | 28.0 | 26.820 | 0.062 | 0.034 |
9. Sexual dysfunctions | 18 | 23.4 | 12 | 23.1 | 6 | 24.0 | 27.425 | 0.910 | 0.005 |
10. Health and sexual behavior problems | 21 | 27.3 | 14 | 26.9 | 7 | 28.0 | 29.810 | 0.808 | 0.006 |
11. Drugs and sexual behavior | 6 | 7.8 | 3 | 5.8 | 3 | 12.0 | 16.562 | 0.666 | 0.031 |
12. Sex education | 26 | 33.8 | 20 | 38.5 | 6 | 24.0 | 20.279 | 0.009 | 0.074 |
13. Sex and power | 11 | 14.3 | 7 | 13.5 | 4 | 16.0 | 18.929 | 0.759 | 0.013 |
14. Approach to sexuality in clinical practice | 8 | 10.4 | 5 | 9.6 | 3 | 12.0 | 31.499 | 0.761 | 0.012 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Saus-Ortega, C.; Ballestar-Tarín, M.L.; Chover-Sierra, E.; Martínez-Sabater, A. Contents of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Subject in the Undergraduate Nursing Curricula of Spanish Universities: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111472
Saus-Ortega C, Ballestar-Tarín ML, Chover-Sierra E, Martínez-Sabater A. Contents of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Subject in the Undergraduate Nursing Curricula of Spanish Universities: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111472
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaus-Ortega, Carlos, María Luisa Ballestar-Tarín, Elena Chover-Sierra, and Antonio Martínez-Sabater. 2021. "Contents of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Subject in the Undergraduate Nursing Curricula of Spanish Universities: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111472
APA StyleSaus-Ortega, C., Ballestar-Tarín, M. L., Chover-Sierra, E., & Martínez-Sabater, A. (2021). Contents of the Sexual and Reproductive Health Subject in the Undergraduate Nursing Curricula of Spanish Universities: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111472