Precarious Employment and Psychosocial Hazards: A Cross-Sectional Study in Stockholm County
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Exposure to Violence or Threats, Sexual Harassment, Bullying, and Discrimination
4.3. Exposure to High Demands and Low Control
4.4. Gender Differences
4.5. Strengths and Limitations of the Study
4.6. Generalisability
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Psychosocial Hazards | Men | Women | Overall | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low PE (n = 81) | High PE (n = 103) | Low PE (n = 117) | High PE (n = 100) | Men (n = 184) | Women (n = 217) | |||||||||||
n | (%) | CI 95% | n | (%) | CI 95% | n | (%) | CI 95% | n | (%) | CI 95% | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Violence/threats | 9 | (11.1) | 5.9–20.1 | 10 | (9.7) | 5.3–17.2 | 16 | (13.7) | 8.5–21.2 | 9 | (9.0) | 4.7–16.4 | 19 | (10.3) | 25 | (11.5) |
Sexual harass. | 1 | (1.2) | 0.2–8.3 | 5 | (4.9) | 2.0–11.2 | 18 | (15,4) | 9.9–23.2 | 16 | (16) | 10.0–24.6 | 6 | (3.3) | 34 | (15.7) |
Bullying | 0 | (0) | - | 10 | (9.7) | 5.3–17.2 | 13 | (11.1) | 6.5–18.2 | 15 | (15) | 9.2–23.5 | 10 | (5.4) | 28 | (12.9) |
Discrim. gender | 1 | (1.2) | 0.2–8.3 | 2 | (1.9) | 0.5–7.5 | 20 | (17.1) | 11.3–25.1 | 16 | (16) | 10.0–24.6 | 3 | (1.6) | 36 | (16.6) |
Discrim. age | 5 | (6.2) | 2.6–14.1 | 7 | (6.8) | 3.3–13.6 | 14 | (12.0) | 7.2–19.2 | 14 | (14) | 8.4–22.3 | 12 | (6.5) | 28 | (12.9) |
Discrim. ethnicity | 1 | (1.2) | 0.2–8.3 | 13 | (12.6) | 7.4–20.6 | 6 | (5.1) | 2.3–11.0 | 5 | (5.0) | 2.1–11.5 | 14 | (7.6) | 11 | (5.10) |
Any discrim. | 6 | (7.4) | 3.3–15.6 | 20 | (19.4) | 12.8–28.3 | 24 | (20.5) | 14.1–28.8 | 26 | (26) | 18.3–35.5 | 26 | (14.1) | 50 | (23.0) |
High demands | 9 | (11.1) | 5.9–20.1 | 12 | (11.7) | 6.7–19.5 | 28 | (23.9) | 17.0–32.5 | 25 | (25.0) | 17.5–34.4 | 21 | (11.4) | 53 | (24.4) |
Low control | 33 | (40.7) | 30.6–51.8 | 75 | (72.8) | 63.4–80.6 | 46 | (39.3) | 30.9–48.5 | 60 | (60.0) | 50.1–69.2 | 108 | (58.7) | 106 | (48.8) |
High strain | 7 | (8.6) | 4.2–17.1 | 10 | (9.7) | 5.3–17.2 | 14 | (12.0) | 7.2–19.2 | 20 | (20) | 13.2–29.0 | 17 | (9.2) | 34 | (15.7) |
Low strain | 46 | (56.8) | 45.8–67.2 | 26 | (25.2) | 17.8–34.6 | 57 | (48.7) | 39.8–57.8 | 35 | (35.0) | 26.2–44.9 | 72 | (39.1) | 92 | (42.4) |
Active work | 2 | (2.5) | 0.6–9.4 | 2 | (1.9) | 0.5–7.5 | 14 | (12.0) | 7.2–19.2 | 5 | (5) | 2.1–11.5 | 4 | (2.2) | 19 | (8.8) |
Passive work | 26 | (32.1) | 22.8–43.1 | 65 | (63.1) | 53.3–71.9 | 32 | (27.4) | 20.0–36.2 | 40 | (40) | 30.8–49.9 | 91 | (49.5) | 72 | (33.2) |
Psychosocial Hazards | Low PE (n = 198) | High PE (n = 203) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
na | (%) | PR = Ref. | na | (%) | PR1 (CI 95%) | PR2 (CI 95%) | PR3 (CI 95%) | |
Demands | ||||||||
Work is so stressful that I can’t talk or think of anything else | 63 | (31.8%) | - | 72 | (35.5%) | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) | 1.26 (0.96–1.67) | 1.25 (0.95–1.65) |
Work requires full attention and concentration | 93 | (47.0) | - | 72 | (35.5%) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.76 (0.60–0.98) |
Control | ||||||||
Low control over work pace | 99 | (50.0%) | - | 156 | (76.8%) | 1.53 (1.31–1.79) | 1.54 (1.31–1.81) | 1.52 (1.29–1.80) |
Unable to take short breaks | 130 | (65.7%) | - | 165 | (81.3%) | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | 1.21 (1.07–1.37) | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) |
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Low PE | High PE | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | CI 95% | n | (%) | CI 95% | n | (%) | |
Gender | ||||||||
Men | 81 | (40.9%) | 34.3–47.9 | 103 | (50.7%) | 43.9–57.6 | 184 | (45.9%) |
Women | 117 | (59.1%) | 52.1–65.7 | 100 | (49.3%) | 42.4–56.1 | 217 | (54.1%) |
Age | ||||||||
18–24 | 38 | (19.2%) | 14.3–25.3 | 81 | (39.9%) | 33.4–46.8 | 119 | (29.7%) |
25–29 | 94 | (47.5%) | 40.6–54.5 | 82 | (40.4%) | 33.8–47.3 | 176 | (43.9%) |
30–35 | 41 | (20.7%) | 15.6–26.9 | 20 | (9.9%) | 6.4–14.8 | 61 | (15.2%) |
36–62 | 25 | (12.6%) | 8.7–18.0 | 20 | (9.9%) | 6.4–14.8 | 45 | (11.2%) |
Education | ||||||||
≤High school | 68 | (34.9%) | 28.5–41.8 | 88 | (45.6%) | 38.7–52.7 | 156 | (40.2%) |
Higher education, ≤2 y | 44 | (22.6%) | 17.2–29.0 | 51 | (26.4%) | 20.7–33.1 | 95 | (24.5%) |
Higher education, ≥3 y | 83 | (42.6%) | 35.8–49.6 | 54 | (28.0%) | 22.1–34.7 | 137 | (35.3%) |
Country of birth | ||||||||
Sweden | 167 | (84.8%) | 79.0–89.2 | 155 | (77.1%) | 70.8–82.4 | 322 | (80.9%) |
Non-Sweden | 30 | (15.2%) | 10.8–21.0 | 46 | (22.9%) | 17.6–29.2 | 76 | (19.1%) |
General health | ||||||||
Good or very good | 146 | (73.7%) | 67.1–79.4 | 127 | (62.6%) | 55.7–69.0 | 273 | (68.1%) |
Less than good | 52 | (26.3%) | 20.6–32.9 | 76 | (37.4%) | 31.0–44.3 | 128 | (31.9%) |
Occupational social class | ||||||||
Manual | 92 | (48.9%) | 41.8–56.1 | 118 | (59.3%) | 52.3–65.9 | 210 | (54.3%) |
Non-manual | 96 | (51.1%) | 43.9–58.2 | 81 | (40.7%) | 34.1–47.7 | 177 | (45.7%) |
Psychosocial Hazards | Low PE (n = 198) | High PE (n = 203) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nb | (%) | PR = Ref. | nb | (%) | PR1 (CI 95%) | PR2 (CI 95%) | PR3 (CI 95%) | |
Violence or threats | 25 | (12.6%) | - | 19 | (9.4%) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) |
Sexual Harassment | 19 | (9.6%) | - | 21 | (10.3%) | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) |
Bullying | 13 | (6.6%) | - | 25 | (12.3%) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 1.07 (1.01–1.12) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) |
Discrimination a | 30 | (15.2%) | - | 46 | (22.7%) | 1.50 (0.99–2.27) | 1.57 (1.03–2.40) | 1.52 (1.00–2.32) |
High demands | 37 | (18.7%) | - | 37 | (18.2%) | 0.98 (0.65–1.47) | 1.17 (0.77–1.78) | 1.10 (0.71–1.70) |
Low control | 79 | (39.9%) | - | 135 | (66.5%) | 1.67 (1.37–2.03) | 1.68 (1.37–2.05) | 1.59 (1.30–1.96) |
High strain | 21 | (10.6%) | - | 30 | (14.8%) | 1.39 (0.83–2.35) | 1.72 (1.01–2.92) | 1.54 (0.89–2.66) |
Low strain | 103 | (52.0%) | - | 61 | (30.0%) | 0.58 (0.45–0.74) | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) | 0.60 (0.46–0.78) |
Active work | 16 | (8.1%) | - | 7 | (3.4%) | 0.43 (0.18–1.02) | 0.49 (0.20–1.19) | 0.52 (0.21–1.33) |
Passive work | 58 | (29.3%) | - | 105 | (51.7%) | 1.77 (1.37–2.28) | 1.65 (1.28–2.13) | 1.60 (1.23–2.08) |
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Kvart, S.; Jonsson, J.; Bodin, T.; Håkansta, C.; Kreshpaj, B.; Orellana, C.; Östergren, P.-O.; Nylén, L.; Matilla-Santander, N. Precarious Employment and Psychosocial Hazards: A Cross-Sectional Study in Stockholm County. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111218
Kvart S, Jonsson J, Bodin T, Håkansta C, Kreshpaj B, Orellana C, Östergren P-O, Nylén L, Matilla-Santander N. Precarious Employment and Psychosocial Hazards: A Cross-Sectional Study in Stockholm County. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111218
Chicago/Turabian StyleKvart, Signild, Johanna Jonsson, Theo Bodin, Carin Håkansta, Bertina Kreshpaj, Cecilia Orellana, Per-Olof Östergren, Lotta Nylén, and Nuria Matilla-Santander. 2021. "Precarious Employment and Psychosocial Hazards: A Cross-Sectional Study in Stockholm County" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111218