Effects of the Participatory Action Research on Reducing the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Necessity for the Study
1.2. Purpose of the Study
1.3. Hypotheses of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Participants and Ethics
2.2.1. Participants
2.2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. PAR Intervention Program Development
Final PAR Application
2.4. Instruments
2.4.1. Empowerment
2.4.2. Social Support
2.4.3. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.4.4. Metabolic-Related Indices
2.4.5. Health Behavior
2.5. Data Collection
2.5.1. Preparation by the Researcher and the Training of the Research Assistants
2.5.2. Pre-Test
2.5.3. Experimental Treatment
2.5.4. Post-Test
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Metabolic-Related Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Effects of the PAR Program
4. Discussion
4.1. Psychosocial Factors
4.2. Metabolic-Related Indices
4.3. Health Behaviors
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Session | Topic | Details | PAR Cycle | Multi-Level Context |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Health checkup and health behavior checklist |
| Look: Look at your health status: vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate), body mass index (height, weight), waist circumference, healthy behavior practice checklist. Think: Think about changes to improve health behaviors as well as the facilitators and inhibitors in health promotion. Act: Plan healthy behaviors and commit yourself to implementing them. Reflect: Reflect on your actions and outcomes through a reflection diary and plan further action. | Individual Group Community |
2 | Lifestyle disease, MetS |
| Look: Look at your MetS risk factors. Think: Think about changes to prevent MetS as well as the facilitators and inhibitors of your management of MetS risk factors. Act: Plan healthy behaviors and commit yourself to implementing them. Reflect: Reflect on your actions and outcomes through a reflection diary and plan further action. | Individual Group Community |
3 | Personalized physical activities |
| Look: Look at your physical activities (compliance checklist). Think: Think about changes to improve your compliance with an exercise plan as well as related facilitators and inhibitors. Act: Plan healthy behaviors and commit yourself to implementing them. Reflect: Reflect on your actions and outcomes through a reflection diary and plan further action. | Individual Group Community |
4 | Personalized nutrition care |
| Look: Look at your eating habits. Think: Think about changes to improve your nutritional intake as well as the related facilitators and inhibitors. Act: Plan healthy behaviors and commit yourself to implementing them. Reflect: Reflect on your actions and outcomes through a reflection diary and plan further action. | Individual Group Community |
5 | Proposals for local environment improvement for health promotion |
| Look: Look at your health resources. Think: Think about changes to improve the utilization of health resources as well as the related facilitators and inhibitors. Act: Plan healthy behaviors and commit yourself to implementing them. Reflect: Reflect on your actions and outcomes through a reflection diary and plan further action. | Individual Group Community |
Characteristics | Categories | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (in years) | 30 to <40 | 18 (31.0) |
40 to <50 | 19 (32.8) | |
≥50 | 21 (36.2) | |
Mean ± SD | 45.81 ± 9.13 | |
Religion | Yes | 45 (77.6) |
No | 13 (22.4) | |
Education | High school | 30 (51.7) |
College | 28 (48.3) | |
Income (KRW/month) | <3,000,000 | 15 (25.9) |
3,000,000 to <5,000,000 | 32 (55.2) | |
≥5,000,000 | 11 (19.0) | |
Job | Yes | 7 (12.1) |
No | 51 (87.9) | |
BMI | 18.5~22.9 kg/m2 | 8 (13.8) |
23~24.9 kg/m2 | 13 (22.4) | |
≥25 kg/m2 | 37 (63.8%) | |
Hypertension | Yes | 12 (20.7) |
No | 46 (79.3) | |
Diabetes | Yes | 5(8.6) |
No | 53 (91.4) | |
Metabolic risk factors | 1 or 2 | 18 (31.0) |
≥3 | 40 (69.0) |
Variables | Pre-Test | Post-Test | t (p) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Empowerment | |||
Individual-level | 3.26 (0.66) | 3.72 (0.70) | −3.36 (0.001) |
Community-level | 3.07 (0.59) | 3.50 (0.41) | −4.71 (<0.001) |
Social support | 3.76 (0.51) | 4.03 (0.35) | −3.27 (0.002) |
Health-related QoL | 0.87 (0.13) | 0.92 (0.04) | −3.16 (0.003) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88.09 (8.64) | 85.94 (7.80) | 7.02 (<0.001) |
HDL cholesterol (dL) | 56.91 (15.74) | 57.49 (11.85) | −0.62 (0.535) |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 109.31 (20.03) | 104.26 (15.31) | 2.57 (0.013) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.12 (19.17) | 122.88 (17.74) | 3.27 (0.002) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83.38 (11.55) | 80.09 (8.80) | 3.43 (0.001) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.24 (3.54) | 25.60 (3.32) | 4.50 (<0.001) |
Variables | Categories | Pre-Test | Post-Test | McNemar’s p |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Physical activity | ||||
High-intensity | No | 58 (100.0) | 41 (70.7) | <0.001 |
Yes | - | 17 (29.3) | ||
Moderate-intensity | No | 54 (93.1) | 51 (87.9) | <0.001 |
Yes | 4 (6.9) | 7 (12.1) | ||
Low-intensity | No | 22 (37.9) | 14 (24.1) | 0.115 |
Yes | 36 (62.1)) | 44 (75.9) | ||
Reading of the nutrition labels | No | 37 (63.8) | 5 (8.6) | <0.001 |
Yes | 21 (36.2) | 53 (91.4) | ||
Alcohol consumption | No | 17 (29.3) | 12 (20.7) | 0.332 |
Yes | 41 (70.7) | 46 (79.3) | ||
High risk alcohol consumption * | No | 55 (94.8) | 46 (100.0) | 0.250 |
(N = 46) | Yes | 3 (5.2) | - |
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Eo, Y.-S. Effects of the Participatory Action Research on Reducing the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111103
Eo Y-S. Effects of the Participatory Action Research on Reducing the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111103
Chicago/Turabian StyleEo, Yong-Sook. 2021. "Effects of the Participatory Action Research on Reducing the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111103