Examining Menthol Preference as a Correlate of Change in Cigarette Smoking Behavior over a One-Year Period
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Villanti, A.C.; Mowery, P.D.; Delnevo, C.D.; Niaura, R.S.; Abrams, D.B.; Giovino, G.A. Changes in the prevalence and correlates of menthol cigarette use in the USA, 2004–2014. Tob. Control 2016, 25 (Suppl. 2), ii14–ii20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Federal Trade Commission. Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2017; Federal Trade Commission: Wahington, DC, USA, 2019.
- Giovino, G.A.; Villanti, A.C.; Mowery, P.D.; Sevilimedu, V.; Niaura, R.S.; Vallone, D.M.; Abrams, D.B. Differential trends in cigarette smoking in the USA: Is menthol slowing progress? Tob. Control 2015, 24, 28–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villanti, A.C.; Johnson, A.L.; Ambrose, B.K.; Cummings, K.M.; Stanton, C.A.; Rose, S.W.; Feirman, S.P.; Tworek, C.; Glasser, A.M.; Pearson, J.L.; et al. Flavored Tobacco Product Use in Youth and Adults: Findings from the First Wave of the PATH Study (2013–2014). Am. J. Prev. Med. 2017, 53, 139–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawrence, D.; Rose, A.; Fagan, P.; Moolchan, E.T.; Gibson, J.T.; Backinger, C.L. National patterns and correlates of mentholated cigarette use in the United States. Addiction 2010, 105 (Suppl. 1), 13–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tobacco Product Scientific Advisory Committee. Menthol Cigarettes and Public Health: Review of Scientific Evidence and Recommendations. In Products; U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Rockville, MD, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Reference Addendum: Preliminary Scientific Evaluation of the Possible Public Health Effects of Menthol versus Nonmenthol Cigarettes. In Products; U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Rockville, MD, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Villanti, A.C.; Collins, L.K.; Niaura, R.S.; Gagosian, S.Y.; Abrams, D.B. Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: A systematic review. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Preliminary Scientific Evaluation of the Possible Public Health Effects of Menthol versus Nonmenthol Cigarettes; U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Rockville, MD, USA, 2013.
- FDA Commits to Evidence-Based Actions Aimed at Saving Lives and Preventing Future Generations of Smokers. Available online: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-commits-evidence-based-actions-aimed-saving-lives-and-preventing-future-generations-smokers (accessed on 15 July 2021).
- Delnevo, C.D.; Villanti, A.C.; Wackowski, O.A.; Gundersen, D.A.; Giovenco, D.P. The influence of menthol, e-cigarettes and other tobacco products on young adults’ self-reported changes in past year smoking. Tob. Control 2016, 25, 571–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nonnemaker, J.; Feirman, S.P.; MacMonegle, A.; Ambrose, B.K.; Jackson, K.J.; Schroeder, M.J.; Smith, A.A.; Ridgeway, W.; Rass, O. Examining the role of menthol cigarettes in progression to established smoking among youth. Addict. Behav. 2019, 98, 106045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nonnemaker, J.; Hersey, J.; Homsi, G.; Busey, A.; Allen, J.; Vallone, D. Initiation with menthol cigarettes and youth smoking uptake. Addiction 2013, 108, 171–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villanti, A.C.; Johnson, A.L.; Glasser, A.M.; Rose, S.W.; Ambrose, B.K.; Conway, K.P.; Cummings, K.M.; Stanton, C.A.; Edwards, K.C.; Delnevo, C.D.; et al. Association of Flavored Tobacco Use with Tobacco Initiation and Subsequent Use among US Youth and Adults, 2013–2015. JAMA Netw Open 2019, 2, e1913804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villanti, A.C.; Johnson, A.L.; Halenar, M.; Sharma, E.; Cummings, K.M.; Stanton, C.A.; Delnevo, C.D.; Wackowski, O.A.; Bansal-Travers, M.; Pearson, J.L.; et al. Menthol and mint cigarettes and cigars: Initiation and progression in youth, young adults and adults in Waves 1–4 of the PATH Study, 2013–2017. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2021, 23, 1318–1326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delnevo, C.D.; Ganz, O.; Goodwin, R.D. Banning Menthol Cigarettes: A Social Justice Issue Long Overdue. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2020, 22, 1673–1675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Available online: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/data-source/tobacco-use-supplement-current-population-survey#:~:text=The%20TUS%20response%20rate%20is,were%20eligible%20to%20complete%20it.&text=For%20the%20May%202010%20basic,nonresponse%20rate%20was%207.6%20percent (accessed on 15 July 2021).
- Fagerstrom, K. Time to first cigarette; the best single indicator of tobacco dependence? Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 2003, 59, 91–94. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center Tobacco Dependence; Baker, T.B.; Piper, M.E.; McCarthy, D.E.; Bolt, D.M.; Smith, S.S.; Kim, S.Y.; Colby, S.; Conti, D.; Giovino, G.A.; et al. Time to first cigarette in the morning as an index of ability to quit smoking: Implications for nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2007, 9 (Suppl. 4), S555–S570. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Davis, W.W.; Hartman, A.N.; Gibson, J.T. Weighting the overlap sample obtained from two Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. Available online: https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/brp/tcrb/tus-cps/TUS-CPS_overlap.pdf (accessed on 15 July 2021).
- Hammond, D. Smoking behaviour among young adults: Beyond youth prevention. Tob. Control 2005, 14, 181–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Foldes, S.S.; An, L.C.; Rode, P.; Schillo, B.A.; Davern, M.; Alesci, N.L.; Kinney, A.M.; Saul, J.; Zupan, B.A.; Manley, M.W. The prevalence of unrecognized tobacco use among young adults. Am. J. Health Behav. 2010, 34, 309–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hair, E.; Bennett, M.; Williams, V.; Johnson, A.; Rath, J.; Cantrell, J.; Villanti, A.; Enders, C.; Vallone, D. Progression to established patterns of cigarette smoking among young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017, 177, 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farrelly, M.C.; Loomis, B.R.; Kuiper, N.; Han, B.; Gfroerer, J.; Caraballo, R.S.; Pechacek, T.F.; Couzens, G.L. Are tobacco control policies effective in reducing young adult smoking? J. Adolesc Health 2014, 54, 481–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delnevo, C.D.; Gundersen, D.A.; Hrywna, M.; Echeverria, S.E.; Steinberg, M.B. Smoking-cessation prevalence among U.S. smokers of menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 357–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hymowitz, N.; Sexton, M.; Ockene, J.; Grandits, G. Baseline factors associated with smoking cessation and relapse. MRFIT Research Group. Prev. Med. 1991, 20, 590–601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulak, J.A.; Cornelius, M.E.; Fong, G.T.; Giovino, G.A. Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2016, 18 (Suppl. 1), S79–S87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gundersen, D.A.; Delnevo, C.D.; Wackowski, O. Exploring the relationship between race/ethnicity, menthol smoking, and cessation, in a nationally representative sample of adults. Prev. Med. 2009, 49, 553–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holford, T.R.; Levy, D.T.; Meza, R. Comparison of Smoking History Patterns Among African American and White Cohorts in the United States Born 1890 to 1990. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2016, 18 (Suppl. 1), S16–S29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bacio, G.A.; Guzman, I.Y.; Shapiro, J.R.; Ray, L.A. Differences in quit attempts between non-Hispanic Black and White daily smokers: The role of smoking motives. Addict. Behav. 2014, 39, 1769–1772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Perkins, K.A.; Gerlach, D.; Vender, J.; Grobe, J.; Meeker, J.; Hutchison, S. Sex differences in the subjective and reinforcing effects of visual and olfactory cigarette smoke stimuli. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2001, 3, 141–150. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Levy, D.T.; Pearson, J.L.; Villanti, A.C.; Blackman, K.; Vallone, D.M.; Niaura, R.S.; Abrams, D.B. Modeling the future effects of a menthol ban on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 2011, 101, 1236–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bold, K.W.; Jatlow, P.; Fucito, L.M.; Eid, T.; Krishnan-Sarin, S.; O’Malley, S. Evaluating the effect of switching to non-menthol cigarettes among current menthol smokers: An empirical study of a potential ban of characterising menthol flavour in cigarettes. Tob. Control 2020, 29, 624–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacKillop, J.; Murphy, J.G.; Ray, L.A.; Eisenberg, D.T.; Lisman, S.A.; Lum, J.K.; Wilson, D.S. Further validation of a cigarette purchase task for assessing the relative reinforcing efficacy of nicotine in college smokers. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2008, 16, 57–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zvorsky, I.; Nighbor, T.D.; Kurti, A.N.; DeSarno, M.; Naude, G.; Reed, D.D.; Higgins, S.T. Sensitivity of hypothetical purchase task indices when studying substance use: A systematic literature review. Prev. Med. 2019, 128, 105789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jamal, A.; Phillips, E.; Gentzke, A.S.; Homa, D.M.; Babb, S.D.; King, B.A.; Neff, L.J. Current Cigarette Smoking among Adults—United States, 2016. MMWR 2018, 67, 53–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- U.S. National Cancer Institute. A Socioecological Approach to Addressing Tobacco Related Health Disparities. In National Cancer Institute Tobacco Control Monograph 22; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
Menthol Preference | Non-Menthol Preference | p Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 977) | (n = 2691) | ||||
Percent | 95% CI | Percent | 95% CI | ||
Sex | <0.001 | ||||
Male | 23.6 | (21.3, 26.0) | 76.4 | (74.0, 78.7) | |
Female | 36.0 | (33.5, 38.5) | 64.0 | (61.5, 66.5) | |
Age Group | <0.001 | ||||
18–24 years | 41.9 | (34.6, 49.5) | 58.1 | (50.5, 65.4) | |
25+ years | 28.0 | (26.2, 29.8) | 72.0 | (70.2, 73.8) | |
Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
White, NH | 22.3 | (20.5, 24.1) | 77.7 | (75.9, 79.5) | |
Black, NH | 74.9 | (69.7, 79.3) | 25.1 | (20.6, 30.3) | |
Hispanic/Latino | 32.6 | (26.9, 38.9) | 67.4 | (61.1, 73.1) | |
Other, NH | 26.8 | (19.3, 36.0) | 73.2 | (64.0, 80.7) | |
Education | 0.25 | ||||
Less than High School | 31.0 | (26.6, 35.8) | 69.0 | (64.2, 73.4) | |
High School Degree/Equivalent | 30.0 | (27.4, 32.6) | 70.0 | (67.4, 72.6) | |
Some college | 29.8 | (26.7, 33.1) | 70.2 | (66.9, 73.3) | |
College Graduate | 24.4 | (19.5, 30.2) | 75.6 | (69.8, 80.5) | |
Smoking Days | 0.02 | ||||
Every-day | 27.9 | (25.9, 29.9) | 72.1 | (70.1, 74.1) | |
Some-day | 33.6 | (29.4, 38.2) | 66.4 | (61.8, 70.6) | |
Time to first cigarette | 0.26 | ||||
Less than 30 min | 27.3 | (25.1, 29.8) | 72.7 | (70.3, 74.9) | |
30 min or more | 29.6 | (26.3, 33.2) | 70.4 | (66.8, 73.7) | |
Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | ||
Cigarettes Per Day | 14.2 | (13.5, 14.9) | 16.5 | (16.1, 16.9) <0.001 | |
Past 30-day Smoking Days | 26.8 | (26.2, 27.4) | 27.3 | (27.0, 27.6) 0.13 |
Increased Smoking Behavior from May 2010 to May 2011 a | Decreased Smoking Behavior from May 2010 to May 2011 a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RRR | 95% CI | RRR | 95% CI | ||
Cigarette Preference | Cigarette Preference | ||||
Menthol Preferring | 0.91 | (0.71, 1.17) | Menthol Preferring | 0.98 | (0.79, 1.22) |
Non-Menthol Preferring | 1.00 | ref | Non-Menthol Preferring | 1.00 | ref |
Sex | Sex | ||||
Male | 0.79 | (0.65, 0.96) | Male | 0.77 | (0.65, 0.91) |
Female | 1.00 | ref | Female | 1.00 | ref |
Age group, years | Age group, years | ||||
18–24 | 1.50 | (1.02, 2.19) | 18–24 | 1.13 | (0.77, 1.67) |
25+ | 1.00 | ref | 25+ | 1.00 | ref |
Race/ethnicity | Race/ethnicity | ||||
Black, NH | 2.13 | (1.38, 3.28) | Black, NH | 1.81 | (1.26, 2.61) |
Hispanic/Latino | 1.62 | (1.09, 2.40) | Hispanic/Latino | 1.53 | (1.05, 2.23) |
Other, NH | 1.08 | (0.64, 1.84) | Other, NH | 1.65 | (1.11, 2.46) |
White, NH | 1.00 | ref | White, NH | 1.00 | ref |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Davis, D.R.; Parker, M.A.; Delnevo, C.D.; Villanti, A.C. Examining Menthol Preference as a Correlate of Change in Cigarette Smoking Behavior over a One-Year Period. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010878
Davis DR, Parker MA, Delnevo CD, Villanti AC. Examining Menthol Preference as a Correlate of Change in Cigarette Smoking Behavior over a One-Year Period. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010878
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavis, Danielle R., Maria A. Parker, Cristine D. Delnevo, and Andrea C. Villanti. 2021. "Examining Menthol Preference as a Correlate of Change in Cigarette Smoking Behavior over a One-Year Period" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010878
APA StyleDavis, D. R., Parker, M. A., Delnevo, C. D., & Villanti, A. C. (2021). Examining Menthol Preference as a Correlate of Change in Cigarette Smoking Behavior over a One-Year Period. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010878