Impact of Real and Simulated Flights on Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. HRV Acquisition and Preprocessing Steps
2.4. Outcomes
2.4.1. HRV
2.4.2. Anxiety Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. HRV and Perceived Anxiety and Self-Confidence before and after a Real and a Simulated Flight
3.2. HRV during a Real and a Simulated Flight
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 33.08 (5.21) |
Military service (years) | 13.25 (5.15) |
Fear to an accident(0–100) | 28.33 (25.17) |
Flight Conditions | Baseline | Post | Baseline vs. Post Measure | Acute Effects of a Real vs. a Simulated Mission | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-Value | Effect Size | p-Value | Effect Size | |
Real F. | Mean HR | 69.82 (10.70) | 98.06 (11.89) | 0.003 * | 0.847 | 0.005 * | 0.809 |
Simulated F. | 74.56 (14.39) | 0.155 | 0.411 | ||||
Real F. | RR | 885.54 (136.14) | 631.91 (77.11) | 0.003 * | 0.847 | 0.005 * | 0.809 |
Simulated F. | 837.70 (144.35) | 0.155 | 0.411 | ||||
Real F. | Pnn50 | 19.34 (17.18) | 8.65 (8.28) | 0.062 | 0.539 | 0.139 | 0.426 |
Simulated F. | 16.04 (12.08) | 0.929 | 0.026 | ||||
Real F. | RMSSD | 44.28 (25.96) | 27.77 (13.50) | 0.062 | 0.539 | 0.139 | 0.426 |
Simulated F. | 37.01 (14.39) | 0.424 | 0.231 | ||||
Real F. | SDNN | 51.05 (27.29) | 41.48 (13.88) | 0.477 | 0.205 | 0.241 | 0.338 |
Simulated F. | 45.30 (11.91) | 0.594 | 0.154 | ||||
Real F. | HF | 35.49 (18.01) | 24.43 (12.12) | 0.155 | 0.411 | 0.721 | 0.103 |
Simulated F. | 28.76 (16.45) | 0.075 | 0.513 | ||||
Real F. | LF | 64.44 (18.00) | 75.51 (12.14) | 0.155 | 0.411 | 0.721 | 0.103 |
Simulated F. | 71.17 (16.47) | 0.075 | 0.513 | ||||
Real F. | LF/HF | 2.95 (2.94) | 4.20 (3.14) | 0.213 | 0.359 | 0.508 | 0.191 |
Simulated F. | 3.69 (2.65) | 0.328 | 0.282 | ||||
Real F. | Total Power | 2931.89 (3830.04) | 1953.40 (1200.12) | 0.859 | 0.051 | 0.508 | 0.191 |
Simulated F. | 2090.28 (1078.28) | 0.286 | 0.308 | ||||
Real F. | SD1 | 31.37 (18.42) | 19.64 (9.54) | 0.062 | 0.539 | 0.139 | 0.427 |
Simulated F. | 26.18 (10.18) | 0.424 | 0.231 | ||||
Real F. | SD2 | 64.54 (34.65) | 55.04 (17.79) | 0.594 | 0.154 | 0.285 | 0.309 |
Simulated F. | 58.09 (14.66) | 0.534 | 0.179 |
Flight Conditions | Baseline | Post | Baseline vs. Post-Measure | Acute Effects of a Real vs. a Simulated Mission | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-Value | Effect Size | p-Value | Effect Size | |
Real F. | RPE | 8.42 (1.88) | 11.17 (2.33) | 0.010 * | 0.742 | 0.218 | 0.355 |
Simulated F. | 7.92 (2.23) | 8.82 (2.64) | 0.089 | 0.491 | |||
Real F. | STAI-E | 27.42 (8.26) | 28.17 (9.37) | 0.574 | 0.162 | 0.633 | 0.138 |
Simulated F. | 24.82 (3.87) | 24.75 (4.55) | 0.459 | 0.213 | |||
Real F. | Cognitive anxiety | 6.92 (3.15) | 6.17 (2.37) | 0.024 * | 0.653 | 0.931 | 0.024 |
Simulated F. | 7.00 (2.63) | 6.33 (2.19) | 0.074 | 0.515 | |||
Real F. | Somatic anxiety | 9.33 (1.72) | 9.67 (2.23) | 0.776 | 0.082 | 0.832 | 0.061 |
Simulated F. | 8.75 (1.71) | 9.08 (1.97) | 0.285 | 0.308 | |||
Real F. | Self-confidence | 18.67 (2.39) | 19.08 (1.93) | 0.180 | 0.387 | 0.221 | 0.354 |
Simulated F. | 19.33 (1.23) | 19.25 (1.76) | 0.705 | 0.109 |
Variables | Real Flight Mean (SD) | Simulated Flight Mean (SD) | p-Value | Effect Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean HR | 93.81 (15.41) | 70.83 (12.48) | 0.003 * | 0.847 |
RR | 660.30 (106.86) | 875.58 (139.10) | 0.003 * | 0.847 |
Pnn50 | 11.75 (8.83) | 17.69 (14.26) | 0.131 | 0.436 |
RMSSD | 32.52 (14.34) | 38.93 (18.04) | 0.110 | 0.461 |
SDNN | 53.20 (23.73) | 47.98 (20.55) | 1.000 | <0.001 |
HF | 20.95 (12.95) | 29.06 (17.28) | 0.155 | 0.411 |
LF | 79.02 (12.96) | 70.89 (17.27) | 0.155 | 0.411 |
LF/HF | 5.87 (4.11) | 3.84 (2.94) | 0.131 | 0.436 |
Total Power | 2750.74 (1733.18) | 2721.90 (2647.31) | 0.929 | 0.026 |
SD1 | 23.02 (10.15) | 27.56 (12.78) | 0.110 | 0.462 |
SD2 | 71.14 (31.89) | 61.77 (26.66) | 0.657 | 0.128 |
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Fuentes-García, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Marazuela-Martínez, M.Á.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Villafaina, S. Impact of Real and Simulated Flights on Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020787
Fuentes-García JP, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Marazuela-Martínez MÁ, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Villafaina S. Impact of Real and Simulated Flights on Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020787
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuentes-García, Juan Pedro, Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez, Miguel Ángel Marazuela-Martínez, José F. Tornero-Aguilera, and Santos Villafaina. 2021. "Impact of Real and Simulated Flights on Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020787