Relationship of Limb Lengths and Body Composition to Lifting in Weightlifting
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Materials
2.5. Procedures
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Males
3.1.1. Squat Snatch
3.1.2. Clean & Jerk
3.2. Females
3.2.1. Squat Snatch
3.2.2. Clean & Jerk
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | ||||||
Sport Modality | Weightlifting | n = 12 | n = 7 | ||||
Basic measures | Body mass (kg) | 84.6 | ± | 14.1 | 64.4 | ± | 7.6 |
Stature (cm) | 176.2 | ± | 6.9 | 166.9 | ± | 4.1 | |
Skinfolds (mm) | Triceps | 8.2 | ± | 3.5 | 13.2 | ± | 5.5 |
Subscapular | 12.4 | ± | 6.3 | 9.7 | ± | 2.6 | |
Biceps | 4.5 | ± | 2.0. | 5.5 | ± | 2.4 | |
Iliac crest | 16.5 | ± | 4.7 | 14.3 | ± | 3.8 | |
Supraspinale | 10.2 | ± | 5.6 | 9.0 | ± | 3.55 | |
Abdominal | 14.6 | ± | 5.38 | 14.1 | ± | 7.0 | |
Thigh | 12.8 | ± | 4.64 | 15.2 | ± | 3.14 | |
Calf | 7.3 | ± | 3.25 | 13.3 | ± | 6.5 | |
Girths (cm) | Arm (relaxed) | 34.5 | ± | 2.9 | 29.7 | ± | 2.6 |
Arm (flexed and tensed) | 37.1 | ± | 2.4 | 30.6 | ± | 2.2 | |
Waist (minimum) | 87.4 | ± | 7.6 | 72.5 | ± | 4.3 | |
Hip (maximum) | 100.8 | ± | 6.4 | 98.2 | ± | 4.6 | |
Calf (maximum) | 38.8 | ± | 3.1 | 35.6 | ± | 2.9 | |
Breadths (mm) | Humerus | 7.1 | ± | 0.4 | 6.7 | ± | 1.0 |
Bi-styloid | 5.8 | ± | 0.4 | 5.2 | ± | 0.2 | |
Femur | 9.9 | ± | 0.7 | 8.9 | ± | 0.4 | |
Body composition | % Body fat | 10.0. | ± | 2.5 | 15.2 | ± | 3.0 |
% Muscle mass | 51.6 | ± | 3.0 | 48.8 | ± | 3.0 | |
% Bone mass | 14.4 | ± | 1.4 | 15.1 | ± | 1.1 | |
Fat mass (kg) | 8.7 | ± | 3.5 | 9.9 | ± | 2.6 | |
Muscle mass (kg) | 43.5 | ± | 6.5 | 31.4 | ± | 3.9 | |
Bone mass (kg) | 12.1 | ± | 1.8 | 9.7 | ± | 0.9 | |
Lengths (cm) | Lower limb | 94.5 | ± | 3.9 | 92.7 | ± | 2.87 |
Femur | 48.1 | ± | 2.4 | 48.8 | ± | 1.4 | |
Calf | 40.2 | ± | 3.4 | 36.6 | ± | 2.6 | |
Foot | 26.8 | ± | 1.4 | 23.8 | ± | 0.9 | |
Upper limb | 78.7 | ± | 3.2 | 73.5 | ± | 1.9 | |
Arm | 34.0. | ± | 1.3 | 32.0 | ± | 1.3 | |
Foream | 24.3 | ± | 1.1 | 22.2 | ± | 1.1 | |
Hand | 20.3 | ± | 1.3 | 19.0 | ± | 1.1 | |
Anthropometric indexes | Fat-free mass Index | 24.4 | ± | 2.1 | 19.5 | ± | 1.4 |
Brachial index | 71.5 | ± | 3.4 | 69.4 | ± | 3.3 | |
Intermembral index | 83.3 | ± | 2.0 | 79.3 | ± | 3.3 |
Movement | One Motion (Snatch) | Two Motions (Clean and Jerk) | |
---|---|---|---|
Initial point of snatch: barbell lift-off from the ground | Initial point of clean: barbell lift-off from the ground | ||
Final point of snatch: barbell peaks in vertical trajectory (maximum height) | Final point of clean: first contact of the barbell with the athlete’s shoulders in two movements | ||
Initial point of jerk: barbell lift-off from the athlete’s shoulders | |||
Final point of jerk: full extension of the athlete’s arms and legs split in the final position |
Sa | BM | S | THW | CC | Load (kg) | Average Velocity (m·s−1) | Peak Velocity (m·s−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Snatch | C&J | Snatch | Clean | Jerk | Snatch | Clean | Jerk | |||||
Males | ||||||||||||
M1 | 70.0 | 170.0 | 3 | S 73 | 83 A | 108 B | 2.17 | 1.53 | 1.10 | 3.40 | 2.64 | 2.28 |
M2 | 76.0 | 166.0 | 3 | S 81 | 55 C | 70 D | 1.69 | 1.41 | 1.18 | 3.56 | 3.00 | 3.23 |
M3 | 75.5 | 176.4 | 3 | S 81 | 70 C | 90 D | 1.39 | 1.58 | 1.54 | 3.50 | 3.08 | 3.01 |
M4 | 75.3 | 173.0 | 4 | S 81 | 78 C | 105 D | 2.38 | 1.14 | 1.29 | 3.59 | 2.38 | 2.49 |
M5 | 77.7 | 171.0 | 5 | S 81 | 95 C | 115 D | 2.12 | 1.80 | 1.53 | 3.50 | 2.71 | 2.93 |
M6 | 79.7 | 168.0 | 5 | S 81 | 95 C | 130 D | 1.40 | 1.77 | 1.17 | 3.27 | 3.02 | 2.07 |
M7 | 81.5 | 179.8 | 5 | S 89 | 107 E | 139 F | 1.58 | 1.68 | 1.61 | 3.22 | 2.63 | 2.71 |
M8 | 88.7 | 184.1 | 3 | S 89 | 73 E | 95 F | 2.39 | 2.18 | 1.76 | 3.40 | 2.82 | 2.60 |
M9 | 88.7 | 181.1 | 5 | S 89 | 95 E | 140 F | 2.22 | 2.11 | 1.57 | 3.56 | 3.55 | 2.81 |
M10 | 82.5 | 177.8 | 5 | S 89 | 110 E | 130 F | 2.34 | 2.10 | 1.58 | 3.65 | 3.26 | 2.66 |
M11 | 96.4 | 178.0 | 6 | S 102 | 100 G | 105 H | 1.82 | 2.04 | 1.37 | 3.46 | 2.85 | 3.06 |
M12 | 123.0 | 189.0 | 4 | S + 109 | 85 I | 108 J | 2.79 | 1.83 | 1.79 | 4.17 | 3.10 | 2.93 |
Females | ||||||||||||
F1 | 52.5 | 160.0 | 6 | S 55 | 45 K | 63 L | 1.49 | 1.40 | 1.64 | 3.49 | 3.38 | 2.79 |
F2 | 57.4 | 163.4 | 5 | S 59 | 43 M | 57 N | 3.66 | 3.20 | 3.38 | 2.12 | 1.21 | 1.64 |
F3 | 64.0 | 165.2 | 3 | S 71 | 37 P | 45 Q | 3.36 | 2.70 | 2.79 | 2.30 | 1.60 | 1.70 |
F4 | 66.0 | 170.0 | 3 | S 71 | 43 P | 55 Q | 3.71 | 3.12 | 2.79 | 1.57 | 1.14 | 1.64 |
F5 | 66.5 | 170.3 | 5 | S 71 | 65 P | 90 Q | 1.66 | 1.34 | 1.78 | 3.60 | 3.33 | 2.98 |
F6 | 68.5 | 170.1 | 5 | S 71 | 65 P | 85 Q | 1.82 | 1.27 | 1.92 | 3.70 | 3.28 | 3.16 |
F7 | 76.0 | 170.2 | 3 | S 76 | 43 R | 50 S | 3.83 | 2.71 | 2.55 | 1.68 | 1.38 | 1.38 |
Snatch | Clean | Jerk | C&J | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AV | MV | PI | AV | MV | AV | MV | PI | |
Basic measures | ||||||||
Body mass (kg) | 0.182 | 0.218 | 0.091 | 0.606 | 0.501 | 0.739 | 0.435 | −0.056 |
(0.571) | (0.495) | (0.778) | (0.037) | (0.097) | (0.006) | (0.157) | (0.863) | |
Stature (cm) | 0.573 | 0.264 | 0.186 | 0.552 | 0.098 | 0.832 | 0.175 | 0.049 |
(0.051) | (0.408) | (0.564) | (0.063) | (0.762) | (0.001) | (0.586) | (0.880) | |
Girths (cm) | ||||||||
Arm (relaxed) | 0.364 | 0.214 | 0.095 | 0.385 | 0.140 | 0.161 | −0.074 | −0.070 |
(0.245) | (0.503) | (0.770) | (0.217) | (0.665) | (0.618) | (0.820) | (0.829) | |
Arm (flexed and tensed) | 0.238 | 0.141 | 0.151 | 0.483 | 0.238 | 0.336 | 0.011 | −0.077 |
(0.457) | (0.663) | (0.640) | (0.112) | (0.457) | (0.286) | (0.974) | (0.812) | |
Waist (minimum) | 0.035 | 0.221 | −0.168 | 0.238 | 0.413 | 0.280 | 0.182 | −0.399 |
(0.914) | (0.489) | (0.601) | (0.457) | (0.183) | (0.379) | (0.571) | (0.199) | |
Hip (maximum) | 0.091 | 0.267 | −0.459 | −0.168 | 0.049 | 0.070 | 0.203 | −0.497 |
(0.779) | (0.401) | (0.134) | (0.602) | (0.880) | (0.829) | (0.527) | (0.101) | |
Calf (maximum) | 0.254 | 0.319 | −0.051 | 0.109 | 0.215 | 0.264 | −0.145 | −0.190 |
(0.427) | (0.313) | (0.875) | (0.736) | (0.503) | (0.407) | (0.654) | (0.554) | |
Body composition | ||||||||
Fat mass (%) | 0.168 | 0.457 | −0.557 | −0.014 | 0.161 | 0.266 | 0.588 | −0.692 |
(0.602) | (0.135) | (0.060) | (0.966) | (0.618) | (0.404) | (0.044) | (0.013) | |
Muscle mass (%) | −0.154 | −0.316 | 0.634 | 0.154 | −0.021 | −0.084 | −0.350 | 0.720 |
(0.633) | (0.316) | (0.027) | (0.633) | (0.948) | (0.795) | (0.264) | (0.008) | |
Bone mass (%) | −0.252 | 0.025 | −0.392 | −0.629 | −0.196 | −0.692 | −0.025 | −0.385 |
(0.430) | (0.939) | (0.207) | (0.028) | (0.542) | (0.013) | (0.940) | (0.217) | |
Fat-free mass Index | −0.133 | 0.239 | 0.046 | 0.336 | 0.608 | 0.420 | 0.438 | −0.203 |
(0.681) | (0.454) | (0.888) | (0.286) | (0.036) | (0.175) | (0.155) | (0.527) | |
Lengths (cm) | ||||||||
Lower limb (LL) | 0.637 | 0.359 | 0.163 | 0.459 | 0.137 | 0.767 | 0.023 | 0.172 |
(0.026) | (0.252) | (0.612) | (0.134) | (0.672) | (0.004) | (0.944) | (0.594) | |
Relative lower limb | 0.245 | 0.243 | −0.186 | −0.538 | −0.245 | −0.322 | −0.193 | 0 |
(0.443) | (0.448) | (0.564) | (0.071) | (0.443) | (0.308) | (0.549) | (1) | |
Femur | 0.007 | 0.141 | −0.072 | −0.189 | −0.119 | 0.323 | 0.348 | −0.330 |
(0.983) | (0.662) | (0.824) | (0.555) | (0.712) | (0.306) | (0.268) | (0.295) | |
Calf | 0.848 | 0.562 | −0.181 | 0.448 | 0.207 | 0.494 | −0.147 | −0.088 |
(<0.001) | (0.057) | (0.574) | (0.144) | (0.519) | (0.103) | (0.648) | (0.787) | |
Foot | 0.574 | 0.178 | −0.075 | 0.252 | −0.011 | 0.616 | −0.037 | −0.077 |
(0.051) | (0.580) | (0.816) | (0.429) | (0.974) | (0.033) | (0.909) | (0.812) | |
Upper limb (UL) | 0.466 | 0.149 | −0.037 | 0.269 | −0.244 | 0.696 | 0.227 | −0.194 |
(0.126) | (0.644) | (0.909) | (0.399) | (0.445) | (0.012) | (0.479) | (0.545) | |
Relative upper limb | −0.070 | 0.148 | −0.602 | −0.517 | −0.084 | −0.287 | 0.039 | −0.566 |
(0.829) | (0.647) | (0.038) | (0.085) | (0.795) | (0.366) | (0.905) | (0.055) | |
Arm | 0.128 | 0.360 | −0.270 | −0.277 | −0.213 | 0.489 | 0.426 | −0.376 |
(0.693) | (0.250) | (0.396) | (0.384) | (0.507) | (0.106) | (0.167) | (0.228) | |
Forearm | 0.667 | 0.239 | 0.030 | 0.452 | 0.035 | 0.367 | −0.246 | −0.046 |
(0.018) | (0.454) | (0.926) | (0.141) | (0.913) | (0.241) | (0.442) | (0.887) | |
Hand | 0.399 | 0.059 | −0.375 | 0.180 | −0.071 | 0.452 | 0.287 | −0.491 |
(0.198) | (0.856) | (0.229) | (0.575) | (0.827) | (0.14) | (0.366) | (0.105) | |
Brachial index | 0.245 | −0.213 | 0.333 | 0.550 | 0.151 | −0.182 | −0.477 | 0.340 |
(0.442) | (0.506) | (0.290) | (0.064) | (0.640) | (0.571) | (0.117) | (0.280) | |
Intermembral index | −0.245 | −0.060 | −0.480 | −0.126 | 0.063 | 0.070 | 0.273 | −0.559 |
(0.443) | (0.854) | (0.114) | (0.697) | (0.846) | (0.829) | (0.390) | (0.059) |
Snatch | Clean | Jerk | C&J | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AV | MV | PI | AV | MV | AV | MV | PI | |
Basic measures | ||||||||
Body mass (kg) | 0.393 | 0 | 0.054 | −0.250 | −0.107 | −0.126 | −0.072 | −0.071 |
(0.383) | (1) | (0.908) | (0.589) | (0.819) | (0.788) | (0.878) | (0.879) | |
Stature (cm) | 0.394 | −0.039 | 0.119 | −0.236 | −0.256 | −0.03 | 0.030 | 0.020 |
(0.382) | (0.933) | (0.799) | (0.610) | (0.579) | (0.949) | (0.949) | (0.967) | |
Girths (cm) | ||||||||
Arm (relaxed) | 0.523 | −0.324 | −0.418 | 0.198 | −0.270 | 0.227 | −0.455 | −0.414 |
(0.229) | (0.478) | (0.350) | (0.670 | (0.558) | (0.624) | (0.306) | (0.355) | |
Arm (flexed and tensed) | −0.071 | 0 | −0.180 | −0.071 | 0.321 | −0.270 | −0.162 | −0.107 |
(0.879) | (1) | (0.699) | (0.879 | (0.482) | (0.558) | (0.728) | (0.819) | |
Waist (minimum) | 0.536 | −0.321 | −0.270 | 0.036 | −0.286 | 0.054 | −0.342 | −0.321 |
(0.215) | (0.482) | (0.558) | (0.939) | (0.535) | (0.908) | (0.452) | (0.482) | |
Hip (maximum) | 0.071 | 0.214 | −0.090 | −0.357 | 0.107 | −0.054 | 0.162 | 0 |
(0.879) | (0.645) | (0.848) | (0.432) | (0.819) | (0.908) | (0.728) | (1) | |
Calf (maximum) | 0.357 | 0.143 | −0.018 | −0.357 | −0.036 | −0.090 | 0.018 | −0.143 |
(0.432) | (0.760) | (0.969) | (0.432) | (0.939) | (0.848) | (0.969) | (0.760) | |
Body composition | ||||||||
Fat mass (%) | 0.286 | −0.286 | −0.198 | 0.143 | −0.321 | 0.234 | −0.162 | −0.071 |
(0.535) | (0.535) | (0.670) | (0.760) | (0.482) | (0.613) | (0.728) | (0.879) | |
Muscle mass (%) | −0.214 | 0.250 | 0.090 | −0.214 | 0.464 | −0.432 | 0.018 | −0.071 |
(0.645) | (0.589) | (0.848) | (0.645) | (0.294) | (0.333) | (0.969) | (0.879) | |
Bone mass (%) | −0.214 | −0.071 | 0.198 | 0.071 | −0.107 | 0 | 0.198 | 0.214 |
(0.645) | (0.879) | (0.670) | (0.879) | (0.819) | (1) | (0.670) | (0.645) | |
Fat-free mass Index | 0.429 | 0.071 | −0.216 | −0.286 | −0.107 | 0.036 | −0.054 | −0.321 |
(0.337) | (0.879) | (0.641) | (0.535) | (0.819) | (0.939) | (0.908) | (0.482) | |
Lengths (cm) | ||||||||
Lower limb (LL) | 0.162 | −0.216 | 0.255 | 0.414 | −0.180 | 0.118 | −0.336 | 0.180 |
(0.728) | (0.641) | (0.582) | (0.355) | (0.699) | (0.801) | (0.461) | (0.699) | |
Relative lower limb | −0.143 | −0.179 | 0.144 | 0.429 | 0.071 | −0.018 | −0.288 | 0.143 |
(0.760) | (0.702) | (0.758) | (0.337) | (0.879) | (0.969) | (0.531) | (0.760) | |
Femur | 0.505 | −0.580 | −0.179 | 0.617 | −0.356 | 0.179 | −0.736 | −0.337 |
(0.247) | (0.172) | (0.700) | (0.140) | (0.434) | (0.700) | (0.059) | (0.460) | |
Calf | 0.198 | −0.090 | 0.400 | 0.306 | −0.414 | 0.373 | −0.055 | 0.378 |
(0.670) | (0.848) | (0.374) | (0.504) | (0.355) | (0.410) | (0.908) | (0.403) | |
Foot | −0.631 | 0.775 | 0.964 | −0.667 | 0.631 | −0.655 | 0.709 | 0.883 |
(0.129) | (0.041) | (<0.001) | (0.102) | (0.129) | (0.111) | (0.074) | (0.008) | |
Upper limb (UL) | 0.234 | 0.252 | 0.427 | −0.090 | −0.234 | 0.236 | 0.145 | 0.288 |
(0.613) | (0.585) | (0.339) | (0.848) | (0.613) | (0.610) | (0.756) | (0.531) | |
Relative upper limb | −0.414 | 0.613 | 0.391 | −0.306 | 0.342 | −0.055 | 0.473 | 0.360 |
(0.355) | (0.144) | (0.386) | (0.504) | (0.452) | (0.908) | (0.284) | (0.427) | |
Arm | 0.371 | 0 | 0.318 | −0.074 | −0.445 | 0.224 | 0.112 | 0.185 |
(0.413) | (1) | (0.487) | (0.875) | (0.317) | (0.629) | (0.811) | (0.691) | |
Forearm | 0.252 | 0.144 | −0.318 | 0.036 | −0.234 | 0.564 | 0.009 | −0.252 |
(0.585) | (0.758) | (0.487) | (0.939) | (0.613) | (0.188) | (0.985) | (0.585) | |
Hand | −0.679 | 0.500 | 0.757 | −0.321 | 0.643 | −0.631 | 0.414 | 0.714 |
(0.094) | (0.253) | (0.049) | (0.482) | (0.119) | (0.129) | (0.355) | (0.071) | |
Brachial index | 0.214 | 0 | −0.450 | 0.214 | −0.107 | 0.468 | −0.234 | −0.357 |
(0.645) | (1) | (0.310) | (0.645) | (0.819) | (0.289) | (0.613) | (0.432) | |
Intermembral index | 0.214 | 0.036 | −0.288 | −0.214 | −0.179 | 0.162 | 0.126 | −0.321 |
(0.645 | (0.939) | (0.531) | (0.645) | (0.702) | (0.728) | (0.788) | (0.482) |
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Vidal Pérez, D.; Martínez-Sanz, J.M.; Ferriz-Valero, A.; Gómez-Vicente, V.; Ausó, E. Relationship of Limb Lengths and Body Composition to Lifting in Weightlifting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020756
Vidal Pérez D, Martínez-Sanz JM, Ferriz-Valero A, Gómez-Vicente V, Ausó E. Relationship of Limb Lengths and Body Composition to Lifting in Weightlifting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020756
Chicago/Turabian StyleVidal Pérez, Dafnis, José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, Alberto Ferriz-Valero, Violeta Gómez-Vicente, and Eva Ausó. 2021. "Relationship of Limb Lengths and Body Composition to Lifting in Weightlifting" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020756
APA StyleVidal Pérez, D., Martínez-Sanz, J. M., Ferriz-Valero, A., Gómez-Vicente, V., & Ausó, E. (2021). Relationship of Limb Lengths and Body Composition to Lifting in Weightlifting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020756